Chloral hydrate: Formation and removal by drinking water treatment

Barrott, Lisa

doi:10.2166/aqua.2004.0030

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Th ese reactions do not relate to the formation of SHAN-FP. Also, CHD could decompose to form THM under alkaline conditions (Barrott, 2004) and a significant correlation between THM and CHD has been observed in this study and elsewhere (Dabrowska and Nawrocki, 2009).…”

Section: Sδuva Scd Fisupporting

confidence: 80%

Reactivity of Litter Leachates from California Oak Woodlands in the Formation of Disinfection By‐Products

et al. 2011

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Litter materials from forested watersheds can be a significant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to surface waters that can contribute to the formation of carcinogenic disinfection by-products (DBPs) during drinking-water chlorination. This study characterized the reactivity of DOM from litter leachates of representative vegetation in oak woodlands, a major plant community in the Foothill Region of California. Leachates from fresh and decomposed litter (duff) from two oak species, pine, and annual grasses were collected for an entire rainy season to evaluate their reactivity to form DBPs on chlorination. Relationships among specific ultraviolet absorbance (SΔUVA), fluorescence index (FI), specific differential ultraviolet absorbance (SΔUVA), specific chlorine demand (SCD), and the dissolved organic carbon:dissolved organic nitrogen (DOC:DON) ratio to the specific DBP formation potential (SDBP-FP) were examined. The DOM derived from litter materials had considerable reactivity in forming trihalomethanes (THMs) (1.80-3.49 mmol mol), haloacetic acid (HAAs) (1.62-2.76 mmol mol(-1)), haloacetonitriles (HANs) (0.12-0.37 mmol mol(-1)), and chloral hydrate (CHD) (0.16-0.28 mmol mol). These values are comparable to other identified watershed sources of DBP precursors reported for the California Delta, such as wetlands and organic soils. Vegetation type and litter decomposition stage (fresh litter versus 1-5 yr-old duff) were key factors that determined characteristics of DOM and their reactivity to form DBPs. Pine litter had significantly lower specific THM formation potential compared with oak and grass, and decomposed duff had a greater DON content, which is a precursor of HANs and other nitrogenous DBPs. The SΔUVA and SDBP-FP were temporally variable and dependent on vegetation type, degree of decomposition, and environmental conditions. Among the optical properties of DOM, SΔUVA was the only parameter that was consistently correlated with SDBP-FP.

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Section: Sδuva Scd Fisupporting

confidence: 80%

Reactivity of Litter Leachates from California Oak Woodlands in the Formation of Disinfection By‐Products

et al. 2011

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“…A linear correlation between concentrations of CHD and THMs in chlorinated waters was reported [28]. CHD can also be produced from the chlorination of humic acid and nitrogen-containing organic compounds [27]. Our results suggest HPOA is the major precursor of CHD and produced twice as much CHD as TPHA and HPIA (Fig.…”

Section: Formation Potentials Of Trihalomethane Haloacetonitriles Ansupporting

confidence: 61%

“…CHD is a halogenated alcohol containing two attached hydroxyl groups and it is relatively unstable. At a pH of 8 and temperature of 35 • C, it decomposes to chloroform and trichloroacetic acids with a half-life of 2 d [27]. A linear correlation between concentrations of CHD and THMs in chlorinated waters was reported [28].…”

Section: Formation Potentials Of Trihalomethane Haloacetonitriles Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trihalomethane, haloacetonitrile, and chloral hydrate formation potentials of organic carbon fractions from sub-tropical forest soils

Zhang

Kuang

Liu

et al. 2009

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…CH is a genotoxic and carcinogenic DBP that can be formed from a wide range of precursors evident in swimming pool waters, and has been found to decompose to chloroform and TCAA, two other potentially toxic DBPs (Barrott, 2004). HANs are another genotoxic and cytotoxic class of DBP (Plewa et al, 2008) and are often reported to be responsible for the majority of the cytotoxicity in swimming pool waters (Hansen et al, 2012a;Pu et al, 2013).…”

Section: Disinfection By-products: the Health Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Carter

Joll

2017

Journal of Environmental Sciences

112

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Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease; however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions (sweat, urine and saliva) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions) are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant. Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool. The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo- and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant. This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.

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Chloral hydrate: Formation and removal by drinking water treatment

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Reactivity of Litter Leachates from California Oak Woodlands in the Formation of Disinfection By‐Products

Reactivity of Litter Leachates from California Oak Woodlands in the Formation of Disinfection By‐Products

Trihalomethane, haloacetonitrile, and chloral hydrate formation potentials of organic carbon fractions from sub-tropical forest soils

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

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