Chloral Hydrate

Fairbrother, J.E.

doi:10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60037-4

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 97 publications

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“…On the other hand, in aqueous media, the property of water as a nucleophile predominates and thus the high reactivity of the chloral carbonyl group toward nucleophiles is supported by the ease of formation of a stable hydrate which makes its aqueous solutions not very stable due to a hydration‐dehydration equilibrium. The instability of chloral hydrate in strong alkaline solutions to form chloroform and formates is well known [ 14–16 ] and has found application in the manufacture of chloroform.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of acid‐base and hydration‐dehydration equilibria on reductions of chloral and chloral hydrate

Baymak

2021

Electrochemical Science Adv

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The electrochemical behavior of chloral hydrate in aqueous solutions at various pH values was investigated by using polarography. Reduction of chloral hydrate takes place in two steps: one appears as a small limiting current value that corresponds to the reduction of the unhydrated form, present in solutions in less than 3%, and another larger limiting current value at more negative potentials corresponding to a reduction of C-Cl bonds in the hydrated form. Reduction schemes for both the hydrated and unhydrated forms and of an oxidation process for chloral hydrate are proposed. The reduction scheme supports the stepwise removal of chloride ions from the hydrated form of chloral that is electroactive in its protonated form, yielding ethanol as the final product. A rate constant for the protonation of chloral hydrate is calculated from its measured pK a value and electrochemical data. The role of hydration-dehydration equilibria involving the reduction intermediates, which are reduced at more negative potentials than that of chloral, was concluded based on a comparison of limiting currents of chloral hydrate with those of 2,2,2-trichloroethanol. The alcohol yields, in medium pH range a diffusion-limited current, corresponding to cleavage of three C-Cl bonds. This allowed the calculation of the equilibrium constant of the hydrationdehydration equilibria.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of acid‐base and hydration‐dehydration equilibria on reductions of chloral and chloral hydrate

Baymak

2021

Electrochemical Science Adv

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Chloral hydrate as an accelerant for the Weissler reaction

Pan

Chen

2021

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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The Weissler reaction, in which a potassium iodide aqueous solution is oxidized to produce triiodide ion, is a conventional means of quantifying ultrasoundinduced inertial cavitation. The reaction is commonly accelerated by saturating the solution with carbon tetrachloride, thereby increasing triiodide ion yields for any given ultrasound exposure. Chloral hydrate, being less toxic and easier to handle, is an alternative accelerant that was characterized. Observed triiodide ion levels were around 11-15% of that produced with carbon tetrachloride. Chloral hydrate was shown to be less susceptible to accelerant exhaustion for prolonged measurements. Spectrophotometric measurement of triiodide ion is typically performed through absorbance measurements at 350 nm; however, there is a separate absorption peak at 288 nm. Measurements at 288 nm were strongly correlated with 350 nm measurements. Due to the greater molar absorptivity at 288 nm, Weissler reaction measurements in the future may be preferably conducted at this alternative wavelength regardless of the means of acceleration.

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Pharmaceutical Sciences — 1973: Literature Review of Pharmaceutics

Herd¹,

Haleblian²

1974

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Chloral Hydrate

Cited by 6 publications

References 97 publications

Role of acid‐base and hydration‐dehydration equilibria on reductions of chloral and chloral hydrate

Role of acid‐base and hydration‐dehydration equilibria on reductions of chloral and chloral hydrate

Chloral hydrate as an accelerant for the Weissler reaction

Pharmaceutical Sciences — 1973: Literature Review of Pharmaceutics

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