Chloasma from Progestational Oral Contraceptives

Esoda, Elizabeth C. Jackson

doi:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590160078015

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Unlike these other cancers, the relationship between NMSC and oral contraceptives (OCs) has not been thoroughly examined. Yet, OCs affect the skin, including acting as a photosensitizing agent by potentiating the skin's reaction to UV radiation, the dominant risk factor for NMSC (Esoda, 1963; Satterthwaite, 1964; Resnik, 1967; Mathison and Haas, 1970; Horkay et al , 1975; Sedee and Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, 1985; Diffey, 1986; Neumann, 1988; Cooper and George, 2001; Silver et al , 2003). Estrogens, as growth-promoting hormones, could enhance the risk of NMSC (Preston-Martin et al , 1990; Williams et al , 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptives: A Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Applebaum

Nelson

Zens³

et al. 2009

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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Oral contraceptives (OCs) affect the risk of several cancers in women, but have been virtually unstudied for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We examined the hypothesis that OCs influence SCC risk in a case–control study among women and also examined whether polymorphisms in the DNA repair gene, Xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD), modified the risk. Incident cases of SCC were identified by a network of dermatologists and pathology laboratories. Population-based controls were frequency matched to cases by age and gender (n = 261 SCC cases, 298 controls). Overall, OC use was associated with a 60% higher risk of SCC (odds ratio (OR), 1.6; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.0–2.5). ORs for SCC were higher among those who last used OCs ≥25 years before diagnosis (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2–3.7), and among these women, SCC risk increased with duration of use (OR for ≤2 years, 1.7; 95% CI: 0.9–3.5; OR for 3–6 years, 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0–6.5; OR for ≥7 years, 2.7; 95% CI: 0.9–8.5, Ptrend = 0.01). Furthermore, the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism was a significant modifier of the OC-SCC association (Pinteraction = 0.03). These findings lead us to hypothesize a potential relationship between OCs and SCC risk, and that this could involve DNA repair pathways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Contraceptives: A Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Applebaum

Nelson

Zens³

et al. 2009

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

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“…19 The etiology of melasma is considered to be a combination of environmental exposure to the sun and cosmetics, genetics, and an increase in estrogen, progesterone, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone. 20,21 Histologically, there is an epidermal and a dermal type of melasma, classi®ed by the location of melanin. Frequently, a combination of both types is found.…”

Section: Melasmamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin in Pregnancy

Barankin

Silver

Carruthers

2002

Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery: Incorporating Medical and Surgical Dermatology

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Background: Physiologic skin changes are common during pregnancy due to a temporary shift in hormonal, metabolic, and immunologic factors. Physicians may mistake normal skin changes in pregnancy as pathologic change within the skin, and so an appreciation of the common and less common skin manifestations will assist in appropriate patient care.Objective: This review highlights the normal physiologic skin changes in pregnancy, which include pigmentary changes, changes to the hair and nails, alterations in glandular activity, vascular and hematological changes, cutaneous tumors, and mucous membrane changes.Conclusion: Physiologic changes to the skin in pregnancy can be complex and confusing. Pregnancy can be a stressful time for women so it is imperative that physicians be aware of the normal skin changes during pregnancy in order to prevent unnecessary investigations and treatments.AnteÂceÂdents: Les changements physiologiques de la peau, dus a Á un de Âre Áglement hormonal, me Âtabolique et immunologique temporaire, sont courants durant la grossesse. Les me Âdecins peuvent confondre un changement cutane Â normal avec un changement pathologique, d'ou Á la ne Âcessite Â de bien connaõ Ãtre les manifestations fre Âquentes et moins fre Âquentes en vue de fournir aux patientes les soins ade Âquats.Objectif: Cet expose Â met l'accent sur les changements cutane Âs normaux durant la grossesse, notamment : les alte Ârations pigmentaires, les changements qui surviennent aux cheveux et aux ongles, la modi®cation de l'activite Â glandulaire, les changements aux fonctions vasculaires et he Âmatologiques, les tumeurs cutane Âes et l'alte Âration des muqueuses.Conclusion: Les changements physiologiques cutane Âs durant la grossesse peuvent e Ãtre complexes et de Âroutants. Vu que la grossesse peut e Ãtre une pe Âriode e Âprouvante pour les femmes, il importe que les me Âdecins puissent reconnaitre les changements cutane Âs normaux a®n d'e Âviter les tests et les traitements super¯us.

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“…In New Zealand the incidence of chloasma appears to be low, perhaps because exposure to sunshine is less than in Australia. The incidence is also higher in dark skinned races; Esoda (1963) found that 8 % of Puerto Rican women taking oral contraceptives developed chloasma, presumably of a marked degree. Chloasma may occur with combined and with sequential oral contraceptives (Kistner, 1969) and is probably related to the use of both oestrogens and progestagens.…”

Section: Combined Oral Contraceptivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hormonal Steroid Contraceptives1 II

Liggins

1971

Drugs

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Measured in terms of the problems of world population control, hormonal contraceptives have contributed little ; a mere 17 million women using them at the present time. However, in certain Western countries, notably Australi a, New Zealand and the United States of America, the impact of oral contraception has been considerable. In developing countries experience with hormonal steroids has been disappointing, mainly because motivation is poor and because supervision by medical or para-medical personnel is lacking. Thus, viewed in its relation to the world scene, hormonal contraception can be regarded as adding to the comfort and happiness of the people of nations who are already relatively comfortable and happy .In our society , the acceptance of oral contraception that has led to it becoming the most commonly used form of contraception depends on several factors. Foremost is effectiveness. The combined oestrogen-progestagen preparations are virtually 100 % effective when used correctly and sequential regimens are only marginally less so. There has been ready acceptance by the medical profession who have found the prescription of pharmacological agents to be more in keeping with their traditional approach to medicine than the dispensing of mechanical and other contraceptives for which they have often been poorly trained .Many minor side-effects attributed to hormonal stero ids are subjective in nature and susceptible to both user and observer bias. There is a paucity of adequately controlled studies from which conclusions can be drawn about the incidence of such symptoms, particularly those of a psychological kind. Nevertheless, certain side-effects such as nausea and oedema can be related to oestrogen, and others, such as reduced menstrual flow and migrainous headaches, can be related to progestagen. 1 Second of four parts. 2 See subject index in this issue for further indexing terms. Hormonal Steroid Contraceptives II: Clinical Considerations 462The evidence suggesting an association of oestrogen administration with thromboembolism has led to the recommendation that oral contraceptives containing 50 /Lg of either ethinyloestradiol or mestranol should be used in preference to those containing higher doses. The 50 /Lg dose of oestrogen has been combined by most manufacturers with a dose of a progestagen which is the lowest compatible with effectiveness and satisfactory cycle control. Consequently, of the many preparations available, there are 6 different formulations from which an initial choice will be made in most instances. There is no evidence that anyone of these is more effective or has fewer side-effects than the others.Increasing use is being made of preparations containing progestagen alone. Chlormadinone acetate 0.5 mg has been available as a tablet for continuous administration. It is less effective than combined or sequential preparations and erratic bleeding is a common side-effect. However, other minor side-effects are virtually absent and there are no absolute contra-indications. The injectable depo...

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Chloasma from Progestational Oral Contraceptives

Cited by 29 publications

References 2 publications

Oral Contraceptives: A Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Oral Contraceptives: A Risk Factor for Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

The Skin in Pregnancy

Hormonal Steroid Contraceptives1 II

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