Chlamydial Intracellular Survival Strategies

Bastidas, Robert J.; Elwell, Cherilyn A.; Engel, Joanne N.; Valdivia, Raphael H.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a010256

Cited by 193 publications

(192 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…Examples of such organisms include obligate intracellular pathogens in the Chlamydia and Rickettsia genera (120)(121)(122)(123)(124)(125). These organisms display distinct morphological forms as they transition from various host environments and growth states.…”

Section: As Bacteria Grow Upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments

Yang

Blair

Salama

2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

219

177

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SUMMARYBacteria display an abundance of cellular forms and can change shape during their life cycle. Many plausible models regarding the functional significance of cell morphology have emerged. A greater understanding of the genetic programs underpinning morphological variation in diverse bacterial groups, combined with assays of bacteria under conditions that mimic their varied natural environments, from flowing freshwater streams to diverse human body sites, provides new opportunities to probe the functional significance of cell shape. Here we explore shape diversity among bacteria, at the levels of cell geometry, size, and surface appendages (both placement and number), as it relates to survival in diverse environments. Cell shape in most bacteria is determined by the cell wall. A major challenge in this field has been deconvoluting the effects of differences in the chemical properties of the cell wall and the resulting cell shape perturbations on observed fitness changes. Still, such studies have begun to reveal the selective pressures that drive the diverse forms (or cell wall compositions) observed in mammalian pathogens and bacteria more generally, including efficient adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces, survival under low-nutrient or stressful conditions, evasion of mammalian complement deposition, efficient dispersal through mucous barriers and tissues, and efficient nutrient acquisition.

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Section: As Bacteria Grow Upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments

Yang

Blair

Salama

2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

219

177

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“…Due to its small genome, this bacterium depends on the uptake of amino acids and nucleotides from the host for survival and replication [68]. Thus, similar to most obligate intracellular bacteria, Chlamydia exists in a conflictual situation, as metabolites from a living host are needed, although Chlamydia harms the host cells.…”

Section: Strains Of Shigella Neisseria Listeria and Chlamydia Are Amentioning

confidence: 99%

When our genome is targeted by pathogenic bacteria

Lemercier

2015

Cell. Mol. Life Sci.

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Eukaryotic cells repair thousands of lesions arising in the genome at each cell cycle. The most hazardous damage is likely DNA doublestrand breaks (DSB) that cleave the double helix backbone. DSBs occur naturally during T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene recombination in lymphocytes. DSBs can also arise as a consequence of exogenous stresses (e.g. ionizing irradiation, chemotherapeutic drugs, viruses) or oxidative processes. An increasing number of studies have reported that infection with pathogenic bacteria also alters the host genome, producing DSB and other modifications on DNA. This review focuses on recent data on bacteria-induced DNA damage and the known strategies used by these pathogens to maintain a physiological niche in the host. Even after DNA repair in infected cells, "scars" often remain on chromosomes and might generate genomic instability at the next cell division. Chronic inflammation in tissue, combined with infection and DNA damage, can give rise to genomic instability and eventually cancer. A functional link between the DNA damage response and the innate immune response has been recently established. Pathogenic bacteria also highjack the host cell cycle, often acting on the stability of the master regulator p53, or dampen the DNA damage response to support bacterial replication in an appropriate reservoir. Except in a few cases, the molecular mechanisms responsible for DNA lesions are poorly understood, although ROS release during infection is a serious candidate for generating DNA breaks. Thus, chronic or repetitive infections with genotoxic bacteria represent a common source of DNA lesions that compromise host genome integrity.

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“…After internalization, the elementary body differentiates into the metabolically active reticulate body, which replicates inside a specialized vacuole called the chlamydial inclusion (2,3). There is a major reorganization and recruitment of host intracellular membrane systems to construct the expanding inclusion membrane (4). Host cell lysis releases mature elementary bodies to continue the infectious cycle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Host cell lysis releases mature elementary bodies to continue the infectious cycle. C. trachomatis has a reduced genome compared with free living Gram-negative bacteria and relies on importing building blocks from the host (4). However, C. trachomatis does not have a reduced genome when viewed from the perspective of lipid metabolism (5,6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlamydia trachomatis Scavenges Host Fatty Acids for Phospholipid Synthesis via an Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthetase

Yao

Dodson

Frank

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: C. trachomatis relies on its own biosynthetic pathways to produce membrane phospholipids. Results: C. trachomatis expresses an acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase to activate fatty acids. Conclusion: C. trachomatis utilizes fatty acids obtained from the host to construct phospholipids. Significance: C. trachomatis selectively scavenges host saturated fatty acids, the most energy-expensive component needed for phospholipid synthesis.

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Chlamydial Intracellular Survival Strategies

Cited by 193 publications

References 199 publications

Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments

Staying in Shape: the Impact of Cell Shape on Bacterial Survival in Diverse Environments

When our genome is targeted by pathogenic bacteria

Chlamydia trachomatis Scavenges Host Fatty Acids for Phospholipid Synthesis via an Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthetase

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