Chlamydial infection. Results of micro-immunofluorescence tests for the detection of type-specific antibody in certain chlamydial infections.

Dwyer, R S; Treharne, J D; Jones, Barrie R.; Herring, J. A.

doi:10.1136/sti.48.6.452

Cited by 57 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…This strain had been previously detected in three clinical specimens and was initially designated Taiwan acute respiratory (TWAR) agent [129][130][131]. In 1989, it was recognized as a new species of the genus Chlamydia, distinct from C. trachomatis and C. psittaci, and named C. pneumoniae [132].…”

Section: History and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Fastidious intracellular bacteria as causal agents of community-acquired pneumonia

Lamoth

Greub

2010

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

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Intracellular bacteria are common causes of community-acquired pneumonia that grow poorly or not at all on standard culture media and do not respond to beta-lactam antibiotic therapy. Apart from well-established agents of pneumonia such as Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia psittaci and Coxiella burnetii, some new emerging pathogens have recently been recognized, mainly Parachlamydia acanthamoebae and Simkania negevensis, two Chlamydia-related bacteria. Most of them are causes of benign and self-limited infections. However, they may cause severe pneumonia in some cases (i.e., Legionnaires' disease) and they may cause outbreaks representing a public health problem deserving prompt recognition and appropriate therapy. Although extrapulmonary manifestations are often present, no clinical features allow them to be distinguished from classical bacterial agents of pneumonia such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Thus, specific molecular diagnostic tools are very helpful for early recognition of the offending bacteria, whereas serology often only allows retrospective or late diagnosis. Macrolides remain the best empirical treatment of intracellular respiratory pathogens, although some observational studies suggest that quinolones may be superior for the treatment of legionellosis.

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Section: History and Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 98%

Fastidious intracellular bacteria as causal agents of community-acquired pneumonia

Lamoth

Greub

2010

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

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“…The acronym TWAR is derived from Taiwan-acute respiratory, the designations given to the first University of Washington studies that produced these strains. A similar and perhaps antigenically identical agent was independently isolated in the early 1970s by investigators at the Institute of Ophthalmology in London from the eye of an Iranian child with trachoma (39). TWAR organisms have morphologic, antigenic, and developmental similarities to C. psittaci and are not inhibited in vitro by sulfonamides (87,88).…”

Section: Psittaci Strain Twar Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections

Barnes

1989

Clin Microbiol Rev

167

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Chlamydia trachomatis is a human pathogen that causes ocular disease (trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis), genital disease (cervicitis, urethritis, salpingitis, and lymphogranuloma venereum), and respiratory disease (infant pneumonitis). Respiratory chlamydioses also occur with infection by avian strains of C. psittaci or infection by the newly described TWAR agent. Diagnosis of most acute C. trachomatis infections relies on detection of the infecting agent by cell culture, fluorescent antibody, immunoassay, cytopathologic, or nucleic acid hybridization methods. Individual non-culture tests for C. trachomatis are less sensitive and specific than the best chlamydial cell culture system but offer the advantages of reduced technology and simple transport of clinical specimens. Currently available nonculture tests for C. trachomatis perform adequately as screening tests in populations in which the prevalence of infection is greater than 10%. A negative culture or nonculture test for C. trachomatis does not, however, exclude infection. The predictive value of a positive nonculture test may be unsatisfactory when populations of low infection prevalence are tested. Tests that detect antibody responses to chlamydial infection have limited utility in diagnosis of acute chlamydial infection because of the high prevalence of persistent antibody in healthy adults and the cross-reactivity due to infection by the highly prevalent C. trachomatis and TWAR agents. Assays for changes in antibody titer to the chlamydial genus antigen are used for the diagnosis of respiratory chlamydioses. A single serum sample that is negative for chlamydial antibody excludes the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum.

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“…The establishment of this classification was a milestone in chlamydial taxonomy, as it renounced reliance on presumed host, on presumed tissue preference and on serology in grouping these organisms. Before 1980, however, isolations had already been made that would not fit into these two species (Darougar et al, 1980;Dwyer et al, 1972;Forsey & Darougar, 1984). The development of DNA-based classification methods during the 1980s provided new techniques for differentiating chlamydial groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms

Everett

Bush

Andersen

1999

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

962

839

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Chlamydial infection. Results of micro-immunofluorescence tests for the detection of type-specific antibody in certain chlamydial infections.

Cited by 57 publications

References 7 publications

Fastidious intracellular bacteria as causal agents of community-acquired pneumonia

Fastidious intracellular bacteria as causal agents of community-acquired pneumonia

Laboratory diagnosis of human chlamydial infections

Emended description of the order Chlamydiales, proposal of Parachlamydiaceae fam. nov. and Simkaniaceae fam. nov., each containing one monotypic genus, revised taxonomy of the family Chlamydiaceae, including a new genus and five new species, and standards for the identification of organisms

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