Chlamydia trachomatis Stimulation Enhances HIV-1 Susceptibility through the Modulation of a Member of the Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins

Abstract

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When Bacteria and Viruses Collide: A Tale of Chlamydia trachomatis and Sexually Transmitted Viruses

“…Buckner et al [ 39 ] suggested that IL-1α, or an unidentified factor, or a combination of factors present in the basolateral supernatants from CT-infected epithelial cells, may be acting upon target cells to facilitate HIV entry and/or replication. Ex vivo infection of HIV in PBMCs from healthy donors and those infected with CT showed significantly higher viral levels in those with CT infection [ 117 , 118 ]. Similarly, CT stimulation of PBMCs isolated from healthy donors showed enhanced susceptibility to HIV-1 [ 118 ].…”

“…Ex vivo infection of HIV in PBMCs from healthy donors and those infected with CT showed significantly higher viral levels in those with CT infection [ 117 , 118 ]. Similarly, CT stimulation of PBMCs isolated from healthy donors showed enhanced susceptibility to HIV-1 [ 118 ]. Stimulating CD4 T cells with CT led to viral release and the upregulation of CCL3L1/CCL3L3, a paralog of CCL3, harboring more HIV-1 copies in CD4 T cells, while causing inhibition of HIV-1 through interaction with the CCR5 co-receptor on the cell membrane [ 118 ].…”

“…Similarly, CT stimulation of PBMCs isolated from healthy donors showed enhanced susceptibility to HIV-1 [ 118 ]. Stimulating CD4 T cells with CT led to viral release and the upregulation of CCL3L1/CCL3L3, a paralog of CCL3, harboring more HIV-1 copies in CD4 T cells, while causing inhibition of HIV-1 through interaction with the CCR5 co-receptor on the cell membrane [ 118 ]. Notably, the expression threshold of CCL3L1 needed to cause significant inhibition of the CCR5 co-receptor on the cell surface could not be achieved by CT stimulation of the cells [ 118 ].…”

Antibody responses to Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine candidate antigens in Chlamydia-infected women and correlation with antibody-mediated phagocytosis of elementary bodies

“…Untreated CT infection can spread throughout the reproductive system, even when asymptomatic, resulting in significant complications in women, including pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility (den Heijer et al, 2019). Additionally, CT increases the risk of HIV infection (Dzakah et al, 2022) and may act as a cofactor in the development of cervical (Bhuvanendran Pillai et al, 2022) and ovarian neoplasia (Paavonen et al, 2021).…”