Chlamydia in birds - occurrence, new species and zoonotic potential – a review

Mitura, Agata; Szymańska-Czerwińska, Monika; Niemczuk, Krzysztof; Anara, Jeleusizowa

doi:10.2478/bvip-2014-0076

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Many studies documented various non-classified Chlamydiaceae species mainly from seabirds (Isaksson et al 2015 ), pigeons, and ducks (Zocevic et al 2013 ). Analysis of these newly identified species may increase the diversity probably far greater than currently conceived (Mitura et al 2014 ; Taylor-Brown and Polkinghorne 2017 ). C. gallinacea DNA was detected in whole blood samples, milk, faeces, and vaginal swabs in healthy dairy and beef cattle in China (Li et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Aetiology Host and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

Karthikeyan

Anbazhagan

Karthik

et al. 2021

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Avian chlamydiosis is one of the important neglected diseases with critical zoonotic potential. Chlamydia psittaci , the causative agent, affects most categories of birds, livestock, companion animals, and humans. It has many obscured characters and epidemiological dimensions, which makes it unique among other bacterial agents. Recent reports on transmission from equine to humans alarmed the public health authorities, and it necessitates the importance of routine screening of this infectious disease. High prevalence of spill-over infection in equines was associated with reproductive losses. Newer avian chlamydial species are being reported in the recent years. It is a potential biological warfare agent and the disease is an occupational hazard mainly to custom officers handling exotic birds. Prevalence of the disease in wild birds, pet birds, and poultry causes economic losses to the poultry industry and the pet bird trade. Interestingly, there are speculations on the ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’ bird trade that may be the global source of some of the most virulent strains of this pathogen. The mortality rate generally ranges from 5 to 40% in untreated cases, but it can sometimes be higher in co-infection. The intracellular lifestyle of this pathogen makes the diagnosis more complicated and there is also lack of accurate diagnostics. Resistance to antibiotics is reported only in some pathogens of the Chlamydiaceae family, but routine screening may assess the actual situation in all pathogens. Due to the diverse nature of the pathogen, the organism necessitates the One Health partnerships to have complete understanding. The present review focuses on the zoonotic aspects of avian chlamydiosis with its new insights into the pathogenesis, transmission, treatment, prevention, and control strategies. The review also briefs on the basic understandings and complex epidemiology of avian chlamydiosis, highlighting the need for research on emerging one health perspectives.

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Section: Aetiology Host and Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

Karthikeyan

Anbazhagan

Karthik

et al. 2021

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…Chlamydia avium, C. ibidis and C. gallinacea are all predominantly infections of birds, infecting the respiratory tract and resulting in respiratory disease (Mitura et al, 2014; Guo et al, 2016; Chu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seventy Years of Chlamydia Vaccine Research – Limitations of the Past and Directions for the Future

2019

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Chlamydia is a major bacterial pathogen that infects humans, as well as a wide range of animals, including marsupials, birds, cats, pigs, cattle, and sheep. Antibiotics are the only treatment currently available, however, with high rates of re-infection, there is mounting pressure to develop Chlamydia vaccines. In this review, we analyzed how Chlamydia vaccine trials have developed over the past 70 years and identified where future trials need to be focused. There has been a strong bias toward studies targeting C. muridarum and C. trachomatis within mice and a lack of studies matching chlamydial species to their end target host. Even though a large number of specific antigenic targets have been studied, the results from whole-cell vaccine targets show slightly more promising results overall. There has also been a strong bias toward systemic vaccine delivery systems, despite the finding that mucosal delivery systems have shown more promising outcomes. However, the only successful vaccines with matched chlamydial species/infecting host are based on systemic vaccine delivery methods. We highlight the extensive work done with mouse model trials and indicate that whole cell antigenic targets are capable of inducing an effective response, protecting from disease and reducing shedding rates. However, replication of these results using antigen preparations more conducive to commercial vaccine production has proven difficult. To date, the Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) has emerged as the most suitable substitute for whole cell targets and its delivery as a combined systemic and mucosal vaccine is most effective. Finally, although mouse model trials are useful, differences between hosts and infecting chlamydial strains are preventing vaccine formulations from mouse models to be translated into larger animals or intended hosts.

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“…Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) posee la capacidad de infectar a más de 460 especies de aves (7); es un agente causal de clamidiosis aviar en aves, mamíferos y humanos, asociada a neumonía, pericarditis, peritonitis, hepatitis y esplenitis (7,8). La gravedad de los síntomas clínicos dependerá del sistema inmunitario, edad, estado general del huésped y de la cepa chlamydial (7,9). C. trachomatis posee la capacidad de generar tracoma en animales y humanos, y en estos últimos puede originar infecciones urogenitales, linfogranuloma venéreo e infertilidad.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Evidencia de Chlamydia no psittaci en psitácidos en cautiverio de Venezuela

Rodríguez-Leo¹,

Hernández-Aguilera

Camacho³

et al. 2019

Rev. Med. Vet.

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Chlamydia psittaci (Cp) es una bacteria intracelular obligada causante de la clamidiosis aviar, capaz de infectar a más de 460 especies de aves. Sin embargo, desde 2008 han sido identificadas otras especies chlamydiales en aves de vida libre y en cautiverio. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo la identificación de un segmento del gen 16s ADNr de Cp a través de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa anidada en dos psitácidos del género Ara ararauna y Ara chloropterus de un parque zoológico de Venezuela. Los resultados revelaron que las aves no poseían ADN compatible con Cp, pero sí para la familia Chlamydiaceae. En este sentido se aporta evidencia de la presencia de otra posible especie chlamydial en las Ara muestreadas en estado portador asintomático. Dichas aves provenían de decomisos y se desconocía su origen. Estos factores favorecen la infección por otra especie de Chlamydia. Si bien los productos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) obtenidos no fueron secuenciados, existen altas probabilidades de ser una Chlamydia no psittaci debido a que un elevado número de reportes a escala mundial afirman la capacidad de transmisión del resto de las especies en aves. En este sentido es necesaria la notificación de los hallazgos chlamydiales para el estudio de su capacidad patogénica en nuevos reservorios, riesgo zoonótico y la protección de la fauna silvestre y en cautiverio, principalmente la que se encuentra en riesgo de extinción.

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Chlamydia in birds - occurrence, new species and zoonotic potential – a review

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

Seventy Years of Chlamydia Vaccine Research – Limitations of the Past and Directions for the Future

Evidencia de Chlamydia no psittaci en psitácidos en cautiverio de Venezuela

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Chlamydia in birds - occurrence, new species and zoonotic potential – a review

Cited by 4 publications

References 48 publications

A ﻿comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

A ﻿comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

Seventy Years of Chlamydia Vaccine Research – Limitations of the Past and Directions for the Future

Evidencia de Chlamydia no psittaci en psitácidos en cautiverio de Venezuela

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A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease

A comprehensive review on avian chlamydiosis: a neglected zoonotic disease