Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016

Abstract

Objective To generate estimates of the global prevalence and incidence of urogenital infection with chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis in women and men, aged 15–49 years, in 2016. Methods For chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis, we systematically searched for studies conducted between 2009 and 2016 reporting prevalence. We also consulted regional experts. To generate estimates, we used Bayesian meta-analysis. For syphilis, we aggregated the national estimates generated by using Spectrum-STI. Findings For chlamydia, gonorrhoea and/or trichomoniasis, 130 studies were eligible. For syphilis, the Spectrum-STI database contained 978 data points for the same period. The 2016 global prevalence estimates in women were: chlamydia 3.8% (95% uncertainty interval, UI: 3.3–4.5); gonorrhoea 0.9% (95% UI: 0.7–1.1); trichomoniasis 5.3% (95% UI:4.0–7.2); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4–0.6). In men prevalence estimates were: chlamydia 2.7% (95% UI: 1.9–3.7); gonorrhoea 0.7% (95% UI: 0.5–1.1); trichomoniasis 0.6% (95% UI: 0.4–0.9); and syphilis 0.5% (95% UI: 0.4–0.6). Total estimated incident cases were 376.4 million: 127.2 million (95% UI: 95.1–165.9 million) chlamydia cases; 86.9 million (95% UI: 58.6–123.4 million) gonorrhoea cases; 156.0 million (95% UI: 103.4–231.2 million) trichomoniasis cases; and 6.3 million (95% UI: 5.5–7.1 million) syphilis cases. Conclusion Global estimates of prevalence and incidence of these four curable sexually transmitted infections remain high. The study highlights the need to expand data collection efforts at country level and provides an initial baseline for monitoring progress of the World Health Organization global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections 2016–202 1.

Syphilitic hepatitis: Case report of an overlooked condition

“…Syphilis was first described at the end of the fifteenth century, and it remains a major public health problem worldwide . According to the most recent global estimation of the World Health Organization, approximately 19.9 million individuals had syphilis in 2016, and an estimated 6.3 million new cases occur every year …”

“…2 According to the most recent global estimation of the World Health Organization, approximately 19.9 million individuals had syphilis in 2016, and an estimated 6.3 million new cases occur every year. 3 During its natural course, syphilis progresses from early (including primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis) to late stages (including late latent and tertiary syphilis) if left untreated. Primary syphilis classically presents with a single ulcer (chancre) or multiple lesions at the site of inoculation; these are typically painless, they resolve spontaneously, and they may go unnoticed by patients.…”

Validation of an Aptima-format Finnish new variant of Chlamydia trachomatis (FI-nvCT) surveillance assay, 2019

“…Genetic variation in C. trachomatis, a highly prevalent bacterial STI [7], has historically been considered uncommon. However, a recent large-scale genomic analysis of geographically and temporally diverse C. trachomatis strains revealed a remarkable degree of homologous recombination and mutations that have occurred in the organism in the recent millennia [8].…”

Loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal swabs among symptomatic women from North India

“…Trichomoniasis, caused by the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STI) with a total of 156 million estimated incident cases including 98 to 202 million adults of 15-49 years (Newman et al 2015). The global prevalence estimates are 5Á3% in women and 0Á6% in men (Rowley et al 2019) and this infection is more common in developing countries, frequently associated with low socioeconomic status (Buv e et al 2001). The disease is usually asymptomatic; however, clinical manifestations such as purulent vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal odour, pruritis, dyspareunia, and dysuria can be seen in women, and urethritis, prostatitis, balanitis, and epididymitis in men (Schwebke and Burgess, 2004).…”