Chlamydia and gonorrhoea contamination of clinic surfaces: Table 1

Lewis, Natasha; Dube, Gail; Carter, Christine; Pitt, Rachel; Alexander, Sarah; Ison, Catherine; Harding, J. W.; Brown, Louise; Fryer, John Denis; Hodson, James; Ross, Jonathan

doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050543

Cited by 22 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…That study was able to show that such sources were also capable of contaminating clean urine samples, as proof of principle. A similar study of clinic surfaces suggested the load of infection was low, but the time of infection was unknown and the load could have declined with time [20]. In studies in the STI clinics, the loads found are small and suggest that transmission of genital chlamydia from these surfaces is unlikely [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for contamination with C. trachomatis in the household environment of children with active Trachoma: A cross-sectional study in Kongwa, Tanzania

West

Nanji

Mkocha³

et al. 2019

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundTrachoma, a conjunctivitis caused by repeated infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, remains a significant cause of blindness worldwide. While mass treatments with azithromycin decreases disease and infection, re-emergence occurs, indicating that elimination may require other sustainable interventions. Environmental changes largely focus on facial hygiene and latrines, but further work to identify other possible transmission targets are needed. We sought to determine, in a cross-sectional survey of households of children with active trachoma, if we could detect the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis on household objects and on family members based on sleeping and caretaking patterns. MethodsIn five villages in Kongwa, Tanzania, children

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for contamination with C. trachomatis in the household environment of children with active Trachoma: A cross-sectional study in Kongwa, Tanzania

West

Nanji

Mkocha³

et al. 2019

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The frequency of simulated urine specimens testing positive for STIs was low but non-zero. Other studies in the UK have shown that STI agent nucleic acid contamination of clinic surfaces can readily be detected (Lewis et al 2012;Meader et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Peer Review #1 of "Primary health clinic toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling can indicate community profile of sexually transmitted infections (v0.1)"

2017

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Background. The microbiome of built environment surfaces is impacted by the presence of humans. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that analysis of surface swabs from clinic bathroom/toilets yields results correlated with sexually transmitted infection (STI) notifications from corresponding human populations. We extended a previously reported study in which surfaces in toilet/bathroom facilities in primary health clinics in the Australian Northern Territory (NT) were swabbed then tested for nucleic acid from the sexually transmitted infection (STI) agents Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis. This was in the context of assessing the potential for such nucleic acid to contaminate specimens collected in such facilities. STIs are notifiable in the NT, thus allowing comparison of swab and notification data. Methods. An assumption in the design was that while absolute built environment loads of STI nucleic acids will be a function of patient traffic density and facility cleaning protocols, the relative loads of STI nucleic acids from different species will be largely unaffected by these processes. Another assumption was that the proportion of swabs testing positive for STIs provides a measure of surface contamination. Accordingly, "STI profiles" were calculated. These were the proportions that each of the three STIs of interest contributed to the summed STI positive swabs or notifications. Three comparisons were performed, using swab data from clinics in remote Indigenous communities, clinics in small-medium towns, and a single urban sexual health clinic. These data were compared with time and place-matched STI notifications. Results. There was significant correlations between swab and notifications data for the both the remote Indigenous and regional data. For the remote Indigenous clinics the p values ranged from 0.041 to 0.0089, depending on data transformation and p value inference method. Further, the swab data appeared to strongly indicate known higher relative prevalence of gonorrhoea in central Australia than in northern Australia. Similarly,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary health clinic toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling can indicate community profile of sexually transmitted infections

Giffard

Andersson

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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BackgroundThe microbiome of built environment surfaces is impacted by the presence of humans. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that analysis of surface swabs from clinic toilet/bathroom yields results correlated with sexually transmitted infection (STI) notifications from corresponding human populations. We extended a previously reported study in which surfaces in toilet/bathroom facilities in primary health clinics in the Australian Northern Territory (NT) were swabbed then tested for nucleic acid from the STI agents Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis. This was in the context of assessing the potential for such nucleic acid to contaminate specimens collected in such facilities. STIs are notifiable in the NT, thus allowing comparison of swab and notification data.MethodsAn assumption in the design was that while absolute built environment loads of STI nucleic acids will be a function of patient traffic density and facility cleaning protocols, the relative loads of STI nucleic acids from different species will be largely unaffected by these processes. Another assumption was that the proportion of swabs testing positive for STIs provides a measure of surface contamination. Accordingly, “STI profiles” were calculated. These were the proportions that each of the three STIs of interest contributed to the summed STI positive swabs or notifications. Three comparisons were performed, using swab data from clinics in remote Indigenous communities, clinics in small-medium towns, and a single urban sexual health clinic. These data were compared with time and place-matched STI notifications.ResultsThere were significant correlations between swab and notifications data for the both the remote Indigenous and regional data. For the remote Indigenous clinics the p values ranged from 0.041 to 0.0089, depending on data transformation and p value inference method. Further, the swab data appeared to strongly indicate known higher relative prevalence of gonorrhoeae in central Australia than in northern Australia. Similarly, the regional clinics yielded p values from 0.0088–0.0022. In contrast, swab and notifications data from the sexual health clinic were not correlated.DiscussionStrong correlations between swab and notifications were observed. However, there was evidence for limitations of this approach. Despite the correlation observed with the regional clinics data, one clinic yielded zero positive swabs for C. trachomatis, although this STI constituted 25.1% of the corresponding notifications. This could be ascribed to stochastic effects. The lack of correlation observed for sexual health clinic data was also likely due to stochastic effects. It was concluded that toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling has considerable potential for public health surveillance. The approach may be applicable in situations other than primary health clinics, and for targets other than STIs.

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Chlamydia and gonorrhoea contamination of clinic surfaces: Table 1

Cited by 22 publications

References 14 publications

Evidence for contamination with C. trachomatis in the household environment of children with active Trachoma: A cross-sectional study in Kongwa, Tanzania

Evidence for contamination with C. trachomatis in the household environment of children with active Trachoma: A cross-sectional study in Kongwa, Tanzania

Peer Review #1 of "Primary health clinic toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling can indicate community profile of sexually transmitted infections (v0.1)"

Primary health clinic toilet/bathroom surface swab sampling can indicate community profile of sexually transmitted infections

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