Chitosan-Properties and Applications in Dentistry

Abstract

Chitosan is a biopolymer that has a large wound management application and biological proprieties, helping the organisms with fast healing, stimulates the cell proliferation including bacteriostatic and fungistatic particularly useful for wound treatment and as a support material to tissue engineering. The possibilities of application of chitosan are so huge and fascinating as well as not quite discovered. Proprieties of chitosan like biocompatibility, anti inflammatory and others could give promising results in periodontal care or wound healing after teeth extractions. The aim of this work is to review possible applications of chitosan in dentistry area.Keywords: chitosan, biomedical, bioengineering materials, biodegrability, selective permeability, polyelectrolyte action, natural polysaccharide Advances in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Research Article Open AccessChitosan-properties and applications in dentistry by 12 Since then several researches with interests in the applications of chitin and aiming to broaden the knowledge about the structural relations and properties of this polysaccharide and its derivatives. 13 Chitosan is a straight chain, cationic polysaccharide that occurs naturally or can be obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Even though there is no nomenclature that definitively guarantees a difference between chitin and chitosan, the term chitosan usually represents cationic copolymers consisting of 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucose (60-100%) and 2-acetamino -2-deoxy-β-D-glucoside (0-50%), bound together by ß (1→4) bonds. [14][15][16][17] Chitosan is the main derivative of chitin deacetylation in which the mean degree of deacetylation representing the percentage of free NH 2 groups is greater than 60%. 18,19 The average degree of acetylation of chitosan is a measure of the average number of 2-acetamide-2-dexosi-D-glucopyranose and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose units. The relative percentage of these units has a direct influence on the solubility of chitosan and is an important parameter to determine the average degree of acetylation or indirectly the average degree of deacetylation, which in this way represents the concentration of amino groups, besides exerting a great influence on the physical properties, chemical and biological. 11The amino groups of chitosan are more reactive with respect to the acetamido groups of chitin. The free electron pair of nitrogen in the amino groups is responsible for the adsorption of metallic cations. The average degree of deacetylation determines the fraction of amino groups that are available for interaction with metals. The protonation of amino groups in acid solutions is responsible for the electrostatic attraction of anions. 14 Unlike chitin, chitosan is soluble in dilute acid medium forming a cationic polymer that confers special properties differentiated with respect to the vegetal fibers.11 Chitosan is soluble in dilute acids, such as acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, as well as inorganic acids, after prolonged agitation. However,...

Comparative Evaluation of Compressive Strength of Various Glass Ionomer Cements Modified With Chitosan: An in Vitro Study.

“…Due to these biological characteristics, several applications have been found for this biomaterial, among them: in agriculture, in the food industry and, recently, in the medical and dental field. 6,10 Unlike chitin, chitosan is soluble in dilute acid medium forming a cationic polymer that confers special properties differentiated with respect to the vegetal fibers . Chitosan is soluble in dilute acids, such as acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, as well as inorganic acids, after prolonged agitation.…”

“…However, the solubility is dependent on several parameters, such as the degree of deacetylation, molar mass, concentration of acid and biopolymer and ionic strength. 6,11 Chitosan in the present study was used with acetic acid to modify the GIC liquid and the pH values of the modified liquids were kept in the acidic range. CH solubility in the acidic environment is explicated by the protonation of the free amino groups (NH2) to NH3+.…”

“…One of the most important properties of chitosan is high bioactivity, that makes this material very interesting to develop new biomaterials for application in dental restorations. 5,6 Not much of the studies has been carried out to check the improved mechanical properties of chitosan enhanced GIC. Thus,the aim of this study is to check and compare the compressive strength of commonly used GIC's enhanced with chitosan in various concentration and thus, to investigate the potential of Chitosan ,based on promising properties and reliable biological functionalities emphasizing the dental restorationprocedure.Look for new methods and applications due to their excellent biocompatibility.…”

Applications of chitosan in food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, cosmetics, agriculture, textiles, pulp and paper, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

“…The relevant properties of chitosan cited for dentistry are: bioactivity, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, hemostatic activities, and bone repair (Queiroz et al 2015;Kmiec et al 2017;Navarro-Suarez et al 2018;Zheng et al 2018). Chitosan is used in the form of solution (acetic or methanesulfonic acid used as solvents), microspheres, hydrogel, and toothpastes, and its association with additives such as amorphous calcium phosphate, amelogenin, and quinic acid improved the ability of these chitosan preparations in preventing dental caries and enamel erosion.…”

“…In addition, when associated with remineralizing agents, chitosan preparations are able to repair early caries lesions (Queiroz et al 2015). Toothpastes, mouthwashes, and chewing gums based on chitosan and herbs fullness functions antimicrobial effect on oral biofilm and reduction in the number of Streptococcus Table 6 Applications of chitosan and its oligosaccharides in dentistry Sapelli et al (1986), Khor and Lim (2003) Agent to prevent diseases: dental caries, periodontitis, erosive lesion, dental plaque inhibitor Ingredient in dentifrices Oral care, dental care: toothpaste, chewing gum Chitosan-containing chewing gum having antibacterial effects or to increase salivary secretion Delivery of fluoride Dental adhesives Nanobiomaterials Agent to promote wound healing in bone tissue Scaffolds and carriers for molecular therapy Cell protective activity 1 3 mutans in the oral cavity (Kmiec et al 2017). They freshen the breath and prevent the formulation of plaque and tooth decay.…”