Chitosan Nanocarrier Entrapping Hydrophilic Drugs as Advanced Polymeric System for Dual Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Application: A Comprehensive Analysis Using Box-Behnken Design

Abstract

The objective of the present research is to propose chitosan as a nanocarrier for caffeine—a commonly used drug in combating cellulite. Being a hydrophilic drug, caffeine suffers from insufficient topical penetration upon application on the skin. Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with caffeine were prepared via the ionic gelation technique and optimized according to a Box–Behnken design. The effect of (A) chitosan concentration, (B) chitosan solution pH, and (C) chitosan to sodium tripolyphosphate mass ratio on (Y1) entrapment efficiency percent, (Y2) particle size, (Y3) polydispersity index, and (Y4) zeta potential were studied. Subsequently, the desired constraints on responses were applied, and validation of the optimization procedure was confirmed by the parameters exhibited by the optimal formulation. A caffeine entrapment efficiency percent of 17.25 ± 1.48%, a particle size of 173.03 ± 4.32 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.278 ± 0.01, and a surface charge of 41.7 ± 3.0 mV were attained. Microscopical evaluation using transmission electron microscope revealed a typical spherical nature of the nanoparticles arranged in a network with a further confirmation of the formation of particles in the nano range. The results proved the successful implementation of the Box–Behnken design for optimization of chitosan-based nanoparticles in the field of advanced polymeric systems for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

Chitin-Glucan Complex Hydrogels: Optimization of Gel Formation and Demonstration of Drug Loading and Release Ability

“…Thus, the interactions between protonated caffeine and positively charged deacetylated chitin groups lead to repulsion due to similar charges. Similar behavior was reported for nanocarriers of chitosan where a caffeine entrapment efficiency of 17.25 ± 1.48% was observed [44].…”

“…Thus, the interactions between protonated caffeine and positively charged deacetylated chitin groups lead to repulsion due to similar charges. Similar behavior was reported for nanocarriers of chitosan where a caffeine entrapment efficiency of 17.25 ± 1.48% was observed [44]. The entrapment efficiency of caffeine in the Na5 1 * hydrogels was found to be 5.82 ± 0.89%, with caffeine representing 1.02 ± 0.03% of the total weight of the hydrogel.…”

Hybrid chitosan-lipid nanoparticles of green tea extract as natural anti-cellulite agent with superior in vivo potency: full synthesis and analysis

“…These findings were consistent with Rampino et al and Konecsni et al (Konecsni et al, 2012 ; Rampino et al, 2013 ). It can be inferred that CS molecules at the mass ratio 2:1 were almost fully cross-linked and the excess TPP led to cross-linking between monodispersed particles into aggregates, resulting in larger particle size (Abosabaa et al, 2021 ). Increased PS could also be attributed to the accompanied increased in EE%.…”

Preparation, characterisation and comparative toxicity of nanopermethrin against Anophelesstephensi and Culexpipiens

“…The results showed that increasing the concentration of chitosan had a positive effect on the insecticide EE%. Previous studies have shown that increasing the chitosan concentration and chain length could increase the possibility of drug and insecticide entrapment in the polymer network and is directly related to drug and insecticide loading [19][20][21]. The electrical charge of the prepared nanoparticles depends on the concentration of chitosan.…”