Chitosan-mediated stimulation of macrophage function

Peluso, Gianfranco; Petillo, Orsolina; Ranieri, M.; Santin, Matteo; Ambrosio, Luigi; Calabró, D; Avallone, Bice; Balsamo, Giuseppe

doi:10.1016/0142-9612(94)90272-0

Cited by 361 publications

(224 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…They also accelerate wound healing and attract fibroblasts to the wound site. Moreover, they enhance neutrophil migration, induce macrophages to produce interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, nitric oxide and colony stimulating factor, and they have candidacidal and bactericidal activity [13][14][15]17]. Indeed, chitin and chitosan have already been used to treat wounds in several countries, since they induce the rapid formation of vascular granulating tissue, the disappearance of purulence, and they promote skin regeneration with minimal scar formation [2,5].…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Chitin Derivatives

Mori

Murakami

Okumura

et al. 2005

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. In order to analyze the detailed mechanisms responsible for macrophage activation by chitin derivatives, resident peritoneal macrophages were prepared and stimulated with chitin, chitosan and low-molecular weight chitosan. Our findings were as follows: (i) chitosan induced apoptosis of peritoneal macrophages, but this did not occur when chitin or water soluble low-molecular weight chitosan were used; (ii) chitosan treatment induced activation markers, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, class II, Fc receptors, transferrin receptor, mannose receptor, Fas, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, whereas chitin and low molecular weight soluble chitosan induced only the expression of MHC class I and II molecules; (iii) apoptosis induced by chitosan was mediated by the Fas signaling pathway, in response to phagocytosis via the mannose receptor. We conclude that since chitosan activates macrophages, this may be the mechanism by which it accelerates wound healing.

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confidence: 99%

Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Chitin Derivatives

Mori

Murakami

Okumura

et al. 2005

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…NK cells are known to be involved in clearance of cells infected with intracellular pathogens, but the relevance of NK cells in our model is unclear. Limited but detectable macrophage infiltration was observed in the footpads of animals not sensitized with C. albicans and challenged with chitosan, indicating that macrophages may respond to stimulation by chitosan directly and independently of T-cells, probably through innate immune receptors, as has been demonstrated in the literature (Bianco et al, 2000;Peluso et al, 1994) Given the flexibility, consistency, and sensitivity of the ex vivo ELISPOT-based DTH assay, this method provides a great complement to the more traditional in vivo footpad swelling DTH assay in adult rats, and offers clear advantages for immunotoxicity testing in neonatal/juvenile animals. Further validation of this model using a range of immunotoxic compounds with known effects in humans is needed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Evaluation of a novel delayed-type hypersensitivity assay toCandida albicansin adult and neonatal rats

Thorn¹,

Hudson²,

Kreeger

et al. 2014

Journal of Immunotoxicology

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Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is a T-cell-mediated immune response that may be used for immunotoxicity testing in non-clinical species. However, in some cases DTH assays using T-dependent antigens may be confounded by the production of antibodies to the antigen. The authors have previously modified a DTH assay, initially validated in the mouse, for use in juvenile rats to assess the effect of immunosuppressive drugs on the developing rat immune system. The assay measures footpad swelling induced by subcutaneous footpad injection of Candida albicans (C. albicans) derived-chitosan in rats previously sensitized with C. albicans. Antibodies to chitosan are not produced in this model. However, considerable inter-animal variability inherent in the footpad swelling assay can make it difficult to precisely quantify the magnitude of the immune response and inhibition by immunosuppressants, particularly if complete suppression is not observed. This report describes the development of an ex vivo assay to assess DTH in rats using interferon (IFN)-g production by splenocytes, obtained from rats sensitized with C. albicans, as the quantifiable measure of the DTH response. Adult and neonatal rats administered dexamethasone (DEX), a known immunosuppressant, exhibited immunosuppression as evidenced by a reduction in ex vivo IFNg production from splenocytes challenged with C. albicans-derived chitosan. Current data indicate that the ex vivo based DTH assay is more sensitive than the conventional footpad swelling assay due to a lower background response and the ability to detect a response as early as post-natal day (PND) 12. The ex vivo based rat DTH assay offers a highly sensitive and quantitative alternative to the footpad swelling assay for the assessment of the immunotoxic potential of drugs. The increased sensitivity of the ex vivo DTH assay may be useful for identifying smaller changes in response to immunotoxic drugs, as well as detecting responses earlier in animal development.

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“…This suggested that the increase of NO was attributed to the improvement of iNOS activity and mRNA expression. Peluso et al (1994) found that chitosan could also stimulate rat macrophages and increase NO secretion. Yu et al (2004) indicated that oligochitosan could significantly increase the activity of iNOS and induce the synthesis of NO in RAW 264.7 cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of chitosan on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA expression in weaned piglets

Li¹,

Shi²,

Yan³

et al. 2015

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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ABSTRACT:The effects of chitosan on nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and gene expression in vivo or vitro were investigated in weaned piglets. In vivo, 180 weaned piglets were assigned to five dietary treatments with six replicates. The piglets were fed on a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 100, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg chitosan/kg feed, respectively. In vitro, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a weaned piglet were cultured respectively with 0 (control), 40, 80, 160, and 320 µg chitosan/ml medium. Results showed that serum NO concentrations on days 14 and 28 and iNOS activity on day 28 were quadratically improved with increasing chitosan dose (P < 0.05). The iNOS mRNA expressions were linearly or quadratically enhanced in the duodenum on day 28, and were improved quadratically in the jejunum on days 14 and 28 and in the ileum on day 28 (P < 0.01). In vitro, the NO concentrations, iNOS activity, and mRNA expression in unstimulated PBMCs were quadratically enhanced by chitosan, but the improvement of NO concentrations and iNOS activity by chitosan were markedly inhibited by N- (3-[aminomethyl] benzyl) acetamidine (1400w) (P < 0.05). Moreover, the increase of NO concentrations, iNOS activity, and mRNA expression in PBMCs induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were suppressed significantly by chitosan (P < 0.05). The results indicated that the NO concentrations, iNOS activity, and mRNA expression in piglets were increased by feeding chitosan in a dosedependent manner. In addition, chitosan improved the NO production in unstimulated PBMCs but inhibited its production in LPS-induced cells, which exerted bidirectional regulatory effects on the NO production via modulated iNOS activity and mRNA expression.

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Chitosan-mediated stimulation of macrophage function

Cited by 361 publications

References 18 publications

Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Chitin Derivatives

Mechanism of Macrophage Activation by Chitin Derivatives

Evaluation of a novel delayed-type hypersensitivity assay toCandida albicansin adult and neonatal rats

Effects of chitosan on nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase activity and mRNA expression in weaned piglets

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