“…These include bioactivity (Sultankulov et al, 2019), antimicrobial and antifungal activity (Deka et al, 2015;Verlee et al,2017), immunestimulation (Torres et al, 2019), chemotactic action, enzymatic biodegradability, muco-adhesion, and epithelial permeability (Ways et al,2018), which promote the adhesion and proliferation of various cell types (Laroche et al, 2018). To expand its potential applications, CS has recently been created in a number of different forms for wastewater treatment, including films (Frantz et al, 2017;Rizzi et al 2018), microcapsules (Tong, 2017), composites (Xie et al, 2013;Duan et al, 2022), nanoparticles (Sivakami et al, 2013), and nanofibers (Nthunya et al, 2017). CS can be utilised efficiently as a film-forming material for food packaging (Wang et al, 2018), wound dressing (Liu et al, 2018), and medication delivery applications (Elassal and El-Manofy, 2019) due to its superior film-forming characteristic.…”