“…Mixed-matrix membranes or polymer-inorganic membranes are fabricated by adding nanoparticle additives into the polymer matrix [ 31 ]. Nanoparticles such as graphene oxide [ 12 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], silica [ 22 , 36 ], titanium dioxide [ 37 , 38 , 39 ], nanoclay [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], halloysite nanotubes [ 43 ], nanowires [ 44 ], and silver nanoparticles [ 45 ] had been used to embed in the polymeric matrix. For example, Wan Ikshan et al [ 43 ], synthesized halloysite nanotube-hydrous ferric dioxide through chemical precipitation.…”