Chitosan Enhances the Anti-Biofilm Activity of Biodentine against an Interkingdom Biofilm Model

Abstract

Endodontic infection is a biofilm disease that is difficult to irradicate with current treatment protocols, and as such, persistent micro-organisms may lead to ongoing or recurrent disease. The potential for the use of enhanced filling materials to modify biofilm regrowth is a promising strategy. This current study aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm efficacy of calcium silicate cements modified with chitosan. The development of mono-species and multi-species biofilms on ProRoot MTA, Biodentine and bovine dentine discs were explored using quantitative microbiology analysis. The effect on regrowth of biofilms was assessed following the addition of chitosan to each cement. In comparison to a dentine substrate, both materials did not show the ability to inhibit biofilm regrowth. Biodentine incorporated with chitosan displayed a dose-dependent reduction in multi-species biofilm regrowth, unlike MTA. Notably, interkingdom biofilms were shown to enhance bacterial tolerance in the presence of chitosan. This study demonstrates the potential to enhance the antimicrobial properties of Biodentine. The findings highlight the need for appropriate model systems when exploring antimicrobial properties of materials in vitro so that interspecies and interkingdom interactions that modify tolerance are not overlooked while still supporting the development of innovative materials.

Investigating the role of Candida albicans as a universal substrate for oral bacteria using a transcriptomic approach: implications for interkingdom biofilm control?

“…Yeast and bacterial cultures were prepared according to our previously standardized methods [40]. Briefly, C. albicans SC5314 type strain was first cultured on solid agar (Sabouraud; SAB) for 24–48 h, then propagated overnight in Yeast Peptone Dextrose liquid culture at 30 °C.…”

“…All biofilms were prepared in 1:1 media comprised of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640) and Todd Hewitt Broth (THB) supplemented with 0.01 mg/mL hemin and 2 lg/mL menadione to support the growth of bacterial and fungal biofilms as previously described [40,41]. For colony counting and compositional analysis, all biofilms were prepared in 24-well polystyrene plates at an initial concentration of 1 9 10 7 cells/mL for bacteria and 1 9 10 6 cells/mL for yeast.…”

“…PCR cycles were performed on the Step-One plus machine using the following stages 50 °C for 2 min, 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 3 s and 60 °C for 30 s. CFEs were then calculated using standard curves for each species using serially diluted DNA. All primers used were as previously described [40].…”

Action of chitosan‐based solutions against a model four‐species biofilm formed on cobalt‐chromium and acrylic resin surfaces

“…Microbial resistance to synthetic substances has encouraged investigations into the antimicrobial properties of natural compounds, as well as the ability of these compounds to interfere in adhesion, colonisation, and biofilm growth 20–23 . In dentistry, chitosan is a promising natural polymer because it is biocompatible, biodegradable, and has shown substantial antimicrobial activity 22–31 . Among the chitosan‐based solutions, nanoparticles have shown substantial antimicrobial activity 27,28,30 .…”

Molecular mechanisms of the antibacterial activity of polyimide fibers in a skin-wound model with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infection in vivo

“…Nevertheless, natural biofilms are still found to enhance bacterial tolerance in the presence of chitosans. 25 Honey consists of many active compounds such as flavonoids, organic acids, and enzymes that may inhibit bacterial growth; 25 unfortunately, it is not easily modifiable. Interestingly, other relatively antimicrobial agents such as natural phenolic used as an antibacterial ingredient in the hydrogel dressing 26 and lysozyme loaded in polyurethane foam dressings 27 showed high antimicrobial activity.…”