Chitosan Derivatives as Bio-based Materials for Paper Heritage Conservation

Abstract

Three water-soluble chitosan derivatives (ChDs)-carboxymethyl-chitosan (CCh), alkyl-chitosan (ACh), and quaternary-chitosan (QCh)-were evaluated as new materials for paper conservation. Several series of samples were prepared by coating different paper types with ChDs or methylcellulose (MC). The ChDs' effectiveness were analyzed by their effects on the strength (tensile energy absorption (TEA), double folds) and water barriers (Cobb60, contact angle (CA)). The coatings on laboratory paper showed strength improvements for the CCh/QCh coatings that were consistent with an increase in the coating weight (CW). The ACh had little effect on the strength, but developed an effective barrier to water. The coatings on printing paper were performed at a constant CW by applying two layers of the same ChD or MC, and by combining CCh or QCh in the first layer with ACh in the second layer. Homogenous coatings based on the CCh or QCh resulted in high strength improvements, comparable to MC, but only ACh coatings developed an effective barrier to water. Combinations of the CCh or QCh with ACh provided the best relationship between the strength and barrier properties and proved their effectiveness as strengthening/protective materials in the treatment of natural aged paper.

Review on Polysaccharides Used in Coatings for Food Packaging Papers

“…The chemical reactions such as acetylation, alkylation, quaternization, grafting and chelation of metals are developed at amino groups, while the O-acetylation (e.g., O-carboxymethyl, cross-linked O-carboxymethyl chitosan), H-bonding with polar atoms or grafting are given by the hydroxyl functional groups [134][135][136]. Remarkable results were obtained in obtaining ChDs with functionalities designed for the application in paper heritage conservation [3,137].…”

Cellulose‐Based Biotemplated Silica Structuring

“…[18,192,193] The first of two notable Fig. [215] Another prospect for bioinspired materials synthesis is using the cellulose not as the template, but as the growth inhibitor. Transmission electron micrographs of silica nanotubes with specific surface areas of 765 m 2 g À1 , prepared by deposition of a titanium butoxide gel layer (arrows) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on cellulose nanofibers, followed by TEOS deposition and calcination, (a) before and (b) after sulfuric acid treatment, illustrating the accurate templating result obtained.…”

“…This is due to the fact that the formed silicic acid has a high tendency to condense to polysilicic acids and ultimately undesired spherical silica. (a), [106,184,207] (b), [171][172][173] (c), [188,204,205,208] (d,e), [106,209,210] (f), [141] (g), [211,212] (h,i), [120,203] (j), [213] (k), [107,206] (l), [106,122,123,169,214] (m), [120,203,215] (n), [141,186,[216][217][218] (o), [134,186,208,219] (p). It is therefore of advantage that cellulose itself is a weak acid.…”

Evaluation of the Efficiency of traditional chitosan, nano chitosan and chitosan nanocomposites for consolidating aged papyrus paper

“…Surface treatment of printing paper with quaternized chitosan produced better optical and printing properties and a higher aging resistance than chitosan (Fernandes et al , 2010). Three water-soluble ChDs used as new materials for the resizing and strengthening of old paper documents, Combination of CCh or QCh proved their effectiveness as strengthening and protective agents in the conservation treatment of naturally aged paper (Ciolacu et al , 2017).…”