Chitosan (CS)/Hydroxyapatite (HA)/Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP)-Based Composites as a Potential Material for Pulp Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

This research focused on developing new materials for endodontic treatments to restore tissues affected by infectious or inflammatory processes. Three materials were studied, namely tricalcium phosphate β-hydroxyapatite (β-TCP), commercial and natural hydroxyapatite (HA), and chitosan (CS), in different proportions. The chemical characterization using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the composition of the composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated that the design and origin of the HA, whether natural or commercial, did not affect the morphology of the composites. In vitro studies using Artemia salina (A. salina) indicated that all three experimental materials were biocompatible after 24 h, with no significant differences in mortality rate observed among the groups. The subdermal implantation of the materials in block form exhibited biocompatibility and biodegradability after 30 and 60 days, with the larger particles undergoing fragmentation and connective tissue formation consisting of collagen type III fibers, blood vessels, and inflammatory cells. The implanted material continued to undergo resorption during this process. The results obtained in this research contribute to developing endodontic technologies for tissue recovery and regeneration.

Citric Acid Cross-Linked Gelatin-Based Composites with Improved Microhardness

“…Embedding of β-TCP and HAp in the GB matrix has not changed the characteristic peaks. The characteristic peaks in both β-TCP and HAp were located at 970 and 1021 cm −1 , attributed to the stress vibrational modes of the (PO 4 ) 3− bond and vibration peaks at 600 and 540 cm −1 of the (PO 4 ) 3− [ 17 ]. The Amide I peak of GB corresponding to the vibration of the amide carbonyl group was shifted due to the cross-linking process from 1629 cm −1 to 1624 cm −1 , 1621 cm −1 , and 1619 cm −1 for GB-CA, GB-TCP-CA, and GB-TCP-HA-CA, respectively [ 44 ].…”

“…Both hardness and E r for GB-TCP-HA-CA were lower than for GB-TCP-CA but still significantly higher than for GB. This reduction in comparison to GB-TCP-CA could be explained by the agglomeration of hybrid particles and the interaction between HAp and β-TCP [ 17 ]. Also, DSC analysis revealed that the lower T g for GB-TCP-HA-CA indicated that the cross-linking was affected by the presence of hybrid reinforcements.…”

“…Moreover, their capacity to release calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ions, facilitating tooth remineralization, positions CaPs as valuable materials for various applications in dentistry. The most widely recognized bioceramics based on calcium phosphate include hydroxyapatite (HAp) (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) and tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) [ 17 ].…”

“…Roca-Millan [ 29 ] highlighted the potential of β-TCP as a synthetic graft material in implant dentistry, with comparable outcomes to other materials. The most recent study by Zamora et al [ 17 ] aimed to innovate materials for endodontic treatments by investigating β-TCP and commercial and natural HAp, in combination with chitosan (CS), in varying proportions, proving the high biocompatibility of all three experimental materials.…”

Calcium Orthophosphate (CaPO4) Containing Composites for Biomedical Applications: Formulations, Properties, and Applications

“…Since the organic-mineral interface in bones is predominantly polysaccharides [805], various biocomposites of CaPO 4 and polysaccharides, such as alginates [413,609,610,612,715,[806][807][808][809], as well as chitosan [426,450,468,490,519,556,[631][632][633][634][635][636][637][638][639][640][641][642][643][644]678,696,702,[810][811][812][813][814][815][816][817][818][819][820][821] and chitin [416,489,[822][823]…”