Chitosan/Cellulose-Based Porous Nanofilm Delivering C-Phycocyanin: A Novel Platform for the Production of Cost-Effective Cultured Meat

Abstract

Cultured meat is artificial meat produced via the mass culture of cells without slaughtering livestock. In the production process of cultured meat, the mass proliferation for preparing abundant cells is a strenuous and time-consuming procedure requiring expensive and excess serum. Herein, C-phycocyanin (C-PC) extracted from blue algae was selected as a substitute for animal-derived serum and a polysaccharide film-based platform was developed to effectively deliver C-PC to myoblast while reducing the cost of cell medium. The polysaccharide platform has a sophisticated structure in which an agarose layer is capped on a porous multilayer film formed by molecular reassembly between chitosan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). The porous multilayer film provides an inner structure in which C-PC can be incorporated, and the agarose layer protects and stabilizes the C-PC. The completed platform was easily applied to a cell culture plate to efficiently release C-PC, thereby improving myoblast proliferation in a serum-reduced environment during long-term culture. We developed a cell sheet-based meat model using this polysaccharide platform to evaluate the improved cost-efficiency by the platform method in the mass proliferation of cells. This strategy and innovative technology can simplify the production system and secure price competitiveness to commercialize cultured meat.

Bioengineered Lab-Grown Meat-like Constructs through 3D Bioprinting of Antioxidative Protein Hydrolysates

“…Strikingly, cellular infiltration on the scaffolds supplemented with PHs (BPHs and IPHs) was significantly higher after 12 h of culture, as evidenced by the higher cell number on the scaffold strand. Our observation is consistent with previous reports where naturally derived protein supplements were used as growth supplements for bovine muscle cells. , …”

“…Overall, no structural damage was observed in the cytoskeletal arrangement of the cultured cells, as indicated by immunocytochemistry. This was because of the enhanced bioactivity of the PHs, which favored optimal growth and proliferation of bMSCs. , Taken together, our results indicate that the developed protein-enriched hydrogels are non-toxic for bMSCs and could be used as a potential alternative for meat analogs in the future. A comparative study on 3D scaffolds with naturally derived extracts for cultured meat production described in the literature is listed in Table .…”

“…According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in Switzerland, cultured meat is an effective alternative to reduce global climate change and provide a sustainable environment. The key advantages of cultured meat production involve three factors: sustainability, animal welfare, and human health. , …”

Tailoring a Gelatin/Agar Matrix for the Synergistic Effect with Cells to Produce High-Quality Cultured Meat

“…We can fabricate multilayer films of desired thickness by controlling the LbL assembly cycle. Since the ideal release amount and rate depend on the nutrient or drug type, the multilayer film’s thickness should differ based on the type of the molecule to be delivered. , In this study, we proposed the concept of introducing a nutrient transport layer as a follow-up study. Therefore, the experiment was carried out by arbitrarily designating the number of bilayers as 20BL.…”

Chitosan and Whey Protein Bio-Inks for 3D and 4D Printing Applications with Particular Focus on Food Industry

“…Moreover, CPC was used as a serum replacement nutrient, significantly reducing the production cost of cultured meat. From the above, it can be concluded that CS significantly enhances the biological properties of scaffolds while reducing the cost; thus CS can be considered a wise choice of material, as it is capable of achieving the biological function of 3D-printed scaffolds, with a wide range of future applications in the field of cultured meat [ 52 ].…”