Chitosan-based systems for intranasal immunization against foot-and-mouth disease

Abstract

Inactivated conventional vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) are used routinely in endemic countries and are effective against clinical disease. Increased systemic IgG levels can be obtained with these vaccines whereas local response at the mucosal sites where the virus primarily enters the organism and replicates remains very limited. The aim of this study was to develop a safe, non-invasive and antigen compatible system for mucosal delivery of the FMD antigen which induces both the systemic and local immunity. Gel formulations were prepared using different types of chitosan at different concentrations and were incorporated with the whole inactivated FMD virion. The immune responses in guinea pigs were determined following intranasal administration. Chitosan-based FMD vaccine formulations have been shown to induce FMD antigen-specific serum IgG and nasal IgA levels, the latter response being significantly stronger as compared to that obtained following subcutaneous administration of the FMD antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Our results suggest that intranasal immunization with inactivated FMD virion delivered in the presence of chitosan is very promising, inducing both systemic and local immune responses.

Immune Responses to Orally Administered Recombinant Lactococcus lactis Expressing Multi-Epitope Proteins Targeting M Cells of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus

“…Traditional inactivated vaccines induce strong humoral immune responses and weak cell-mediated immune responses [29]. Moreover, it could not prevent viral entry through the mucosa [30].…”

Oral pre-administration of Purslane polysaccharides enhance immune responses to inactivated foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in mice

“…Development of a high efficiency and low toxicity immunostimulator is an effective strategy to enhance immune responses to inactivated vaccines [15]. In general, the traditional inactivated vaccine is thought to induce a strong humoral immune response but a weak cell-mediated immune response [16]. Ideally, a potent immunostimulator should be able to enhance both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to vaccines.…”

Design and Efficacy of Nanogels Formulations for Intranasal Administration

“…The best approach for the protection of animals against mouth to foot infection is by the administration of vaccine via the nasal mucosa which is characterized by a highly vascularized area with large surface area. Çokçalışkan et al developed gel formulation (sponge and gel) from different types and concentration followed by the incorporation of the whole inactivated foot to mouth disease virion ( Table 1 ) [ 101 ]. The formulations induce significant systemic immune responses.…”

“…The molecular weight of the chitosan did not have any significant effect. However, formulation with higher pH enhanced the immune response [ 101 ].…”