“…Chitosan NPs have been investigated as a carrier for active ingredient delivery for various applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, high permeability, cost-effectiveness, non-toxicity and excellent film forming ability (Shukla et al, 2013) antimicrobial and insecticidal activities (Yin et al, 2010;Zeng et al, 2012;Ma et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2014). Chitosan NPs treatment of leaves and seeds produced significant improvement in the plant growth and innate immune response through induction of defence enzyme activity, upregulation of defence related genes including that of several antioxidant enzymes as well as elevation of the levels of total phenolics (Chen et al, 2014;Chandra et al, 2015) Different (Yruela et al, 2009).…”