Chitosan-based activated carbon as economic and efficient sustainable material for capacitive deionization of low salinity water

Wu, Qinghao; Liang, Dawei; Ma, Xiumei; Lu, Shanfu; Xiang, Yan

doi:10.1039/c9ra04959b

Cited by 32 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The overlapping effect is reduced at a higher imposed voltage and salt concentration, ultimately resulting in better adsorption for a small pore size [ 414 ]. In addition to pore size optimization, current research is focused on controlling pore structure by using various calcination environments, e.g., ammonia [ 415 ], developing hierarchical porous biomass-derived carbon materials [ 416 , 417 , 418 ], and using MOF-derived materials [ 419 , 420 ] and biomass-derived materials [ 416 , 421 , 422 ]. The high surface area and tunable pore size of MOFs can be utilized to prepare electrode materials.…”

Section: Membrane Capacitive Deionizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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Section: Membrane Capacitive Deionizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Chitosan (Ch) is a biopolymer produced by deacetylation of regularly available biopolymer, chitin. Ch is a well-known source of AC with many applications, such as control drug delivery [ 8 , 9 ], heavy metal removal from water [ 10 , 11 ], hydrogen storage [ 12 ], catalytic and electrochemical plating [ 13 , 14 ], deionization of low-salinity water [ 15 ], pharmaceuticals residue removal [ 16 ], cationic and anionic dye adsorption [ 17 ], removal of pesticides [ 4 ], supercapacitor [ 18 ], and environmental applications [ 9 ]. In addition to the hydroxyl groups (–OH), Ch structure also contains amino groups (–NH 2 ) which is linked to a chain of six-member saccharide rings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The obtained S BET was 2025 m 2 /g and the N content was around 5 wt% [ 36 ]. In this context, many other researchers used KOH as activator for preparing a Ch-AC [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 37 , 38 ]. For example, Wrobel-Iwaniec et al activated Ch using KOH with different temperature (700 and 800 °C), and Ch-to-KOH ratios, and the resulting Ch-based ACs were of high S BET (922−3066 m 2 /g) and high V tot (0.40−1.38 cm 3 /g) [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Divalent Lead Ions on the Nitrogen-Enriched Chitosan-Based Activated Carbon

2021

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Optimizing the physicochemical properties of the chitosan-based activated carbon (Ch-ACs) can greatly enhance its performance toward heavy metal removal from contaminated water. Herein, Ch was converted into a high surface area (1556 m2/g) and porous (0.69 cm3/g) ACs with large content of nitrogen (~16 wt%) using K2CO3 activator and urea as nitrogen-enrichment agents. The prepared Ch-ACs were tested for the removal of Cr(VI) and Pb(II) at different pH, initial metal ions concentration, time, activated carbon dosage, and temperature. For Cr(VI), the best removal was at pH = 2, while for Pb(II) the best pH for its removal was in the range of 4–6. At 25 °C, the Temkin model gives the best fit for the adsorption of Cr(VI), while the Langmuir model was found to be better for Pb(II) ions. The kinetics of adsorption of both heavy metal ions were found to be well-fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. The findings show that the efficiency and the green properties (availability, recyclability, and cost effectiveness) of the developed adsorbent made it a good candidate for wastewaters treatment. As preliminary work, the prepared sorbent was also tested regarding the removal of heavy metals and other contaminations from real wastewater and the obtained results were found to be promising.

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“…9 Biochar materials have been most widely applied in CDI electrodes, due to their wide range of sources, sustainable regeneration, excellent capacitance and low pollution. [10][11][12] Biomasses such as chitosan, 13 sugarcane, 14 Artocarpus peels, 15 bitter-tea and palm shell wastes, 16 and straw 3 have been widely used as precursors for preparing biochar materials. Chitin, which is second only to cellulose in yield, is an excellent raw material for biochar.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17 Most studies have shown that carbon materials with a high nitrogen content can improve the wettability of products, enlarging the accessible electrode area and enhancing charge accumulation, which is helpful for transferring charge during the electrosorption process and improves the specic capacitance. 13,18,19 In recent years, the modication of biochar has been a research hotspot in improving the electroadsorption capacity of biochar electrodes. The main methods include acidication, physical modication by high-temperature carbonization in an atmosphere furnace and chemical modication by adding chemical activators such as KOH, [20][21][22] ZnCl 2 , 23,24 etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitin derived biochar for efficient capacitive deionization performance

Feng

Song

et al. 2020

RSC Adv.

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Chitosan-based activated carbon as economic and efficient sustainable material for capacitive deionization of low salinity water

Abstract: Chitosan was selected as a carbonaceous precursor to prepare high-performance chitosan-based activated carbon (CTS-AC) for CDI electrode.

Cited by 32 publications

References 57 publications

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Divalent Lead Ions on the Nitrogen-Enriched Chitosan-Based Activated Carbon

Chitin derived biochar for efficient capacitive deionization performance

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