Chitooligosaccharides Derivatives Protect ARPE-19 Cells against Acrolein-Induced Oxidative Injury

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly. The progression of AMD is closely related to oxidative stress in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Here, a series of chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) and N-acetylated derivatives (NACOSs) were prepared, and their protective effects on an acrolein-induced oxidative stress model of ARPE-19 were explored using the MTT assay. The results showed that COSs and NACOs alleviated APRE-19 cell damage induced by acrolein in a concentration-dependent manner. Among these, chitopentaose (COS–5) and its N-acetylated derivative (N–5) showed the best protective activity. Pretreatment with COS–5 or N–5 could reduce intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by acrolein, increase mitochondrial membrane potential, GSH level, and the enzymatic activity of SOD and GSH-Px. Further study indicated that N–5 increased the level of nuclear Nrf2 and the expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes. This study revealed that COSs and NACOSs reduced the degeneration and apoptosis of retinal pigment epithelial cells by enhancing antioxidant capacity, suggesting that they have the potential to be developed into novel protective agents for AMD treatment and prevention.

Preparation and Primary Bioactivity Evaluation of Novel Water-Soluble Curcumin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles Fabricated with Chitooligosaccharides and Pluronic F-68

“…The COSPFCU polymeric micelles were able to reduce the cytotoxicity significantly when the concentration was below 62.5 µg/mL (CU 6.25 µg/mL, 10% w/w in COSPFCU). Furthermore, the COS did not show cytotoxicity to the cells which can reduce drug toxicity in nano-formulation to the normal cell lines [56,57].…”

“…The COSPFCU polymeric micelles were able to reduce the cytotoxicity significantly when the concentration was below 62.5 µg/mL (CU 6.25 µg/mL, 10% w/w in COSPFCU). Furthermore, the COS did not show cytotoxicity to the cells which can reduce drug toxicity in nano-formulation to the normal cell lines [56,57]. It is notable that CU loaded in polymeric micelles (COSPFCU) showed strong antioxidant activity comparable to the native CU in ethanol, indicating the promise of the water-soluble COSPF as a reliable drug delivery vehicle.…”

Chitooligosaccharide from Pacific White Shrimp Shell Chitosan Ameliorates Inflammation and Oxidative Stress via NF-κB, Erk1/2, Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells

“…Additionally, the effectiveness of COS on ROS inhibition of LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells was investigated. In general, ROS generation plays a crucial role in various aspects; however, excessive level of ROS can induce the pathogenesis of many diseases [49]. It was noted that ROS generation leads to the onset of inflammation by induction of NF-κB and pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α, IL-6 [8].…”