Chitinases—Potential Candidates for Enhanced Plant Resistance towards Fungal Pathogens

Kumar, Manish; Brar, A. S.; Yadav, Monika; Chawade, Aakash; Vivekanand, Vivekanand; Pareek, Nidhi

doi:10.3390/agriculture8070088

Cited by 127 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…The first could be responsible for root association, and the later could function as antibiotics conferring an advantage against other microorganisms while protecting the plant against phytopathogens. In this regard, chitinase has been associated with protection against plant fungal pathogens (Kumar et al, 2018); colicins are the most representative bacteriocins produced by gram-negative bacteria (Beneduzi et al, 2012), while chemicals such as phenazine and 4hydroxybenzoate act as antibiotics and suppress plant pathogenic microbes (Gupta et al, 2015). As an example, phenazine is known to suppress the plant pathogen F. oxysporum (Chin-A-Woeng et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylobacterium sp. 2A Is a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria That Has the Potential to Improve Potato Crop Yield Under Adverse Conditions

et al. 2020

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A Gram-negative pink-pigmented bacillus (named 2A) was isolated from Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desirée plants that were strikingly more developed, presented increased root hair density, and higher biomass than other potato lines of the same age. The 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, used for comparative gene sequence analysis, indicated that strain 2A belongs to the genus Methylobacterium. Nucleotide identity between Methylobacterium sp. 2A sequenced genome and the rest of the species that belong to the genus suggested that this species has not been described so far. In vitro, potato plants inoculated with Methylobacterium sp. 2A had a better performance when grown under 50 mM NaCl or when infected with Phytophthora infestans. We inoculated Methylobacterium sp. 2A in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and exposed these plants to salt stress (75 mM NaCl). Methylobacterium sp. 2A-inoculated plants, grown in control or salt stress conditions, displayed a higher density of lateral roots (p < 0.05) compared to noninoculated plants. Moreover, under salt stress, they presented a higher number of leaves and larger rosette diameter. In dual confrontation assays, Methylobacterium sp. 2A displayed biocontrol activity against P. infestans, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium graminearum, but not against Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium dissotocum. In addition, we observed that Methylobacterium sp. 2A diminished the size of necrotic lesions and reduced chlorosis when greenhouse potato plants were infected with P. infestans. Methylobacterium sp. 2A produces indole acetic acid, solubilizes mineral phosphate and is able to grow in a N 2 free medium. Whole-genome sequencing revealed metabolic pathways associated with its plant growth promoter capacity. Our results suggest that Methylobacterium sp. 2A is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) that can

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methylobacterium sp. 2A Is a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria That Has the Potential to Improve Potato Crop Yield Under Adverse Conditions

et al. 2020

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“…Chitinases, belonging to the PR-3 protein group, are hydrolytic enzymes that break down glyosidic bonds in chitin, which is a major component of the cell wall of pathogenic fungi. Chitinases make the fungi inactive without any negative impact on the plants and can thus enhance the plant’s defense system (74). The fact that P. viticola is an oomycete and, as such, does not contain chitin, highlights that the triggered plant immune response is unspecific to the pathogen and might thereby impede infection with other pathogens as well.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oregano essential oil vapour preventsPlasmopora viticolainfection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) by triggering autoimmune metabolic pathways

Rienth

Crovadore

Ghaffari

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The reduction of synthetic fungicides in agriculture a major challenge in maintaining sustainable production, protecting the environment and consumers’ health. Downy mildew caused by the oomycete Plasmopora viticola is the major pathogen in viticulture worldwide and responsible for up to 60% of pesticide treatments. Alternatives to reduce fungicides are thus utterly needed to ensure sustainable vineyard-ecosystems, consumer health and public acceptance. Essential oils (EOs) are amongst the most promising natural plant protection alternatives and have shown their antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties on several agricultural crops. However, the efficiency of EOs highly depends on timing, application method and the molecular interactions between the host, the pathogen and EO. Despite proven EO efficiency, the underlying processes are still not understood and remain a black box. The objectives of the present study were: a) to evaluate whether a continuous fumigation of a particular EO can control downy mildew in order to circumvent the drawbacks of direct application, b) to decipher molecular mechanisms that could be triggered in the host and the pathogen by EO application and c) to try to differentiate whether essential oils directly repress the oomycete or act as plant resistance primers.A custom-made climatic chamber was used for a continuous fumigation of potted vines with different EOs during long-term experiments. The grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cv Chasselas was chosen in reason of its high susceptibility to Plasmopara viticola. Grapevine cuttings were infected with P. viticola. and subsequently exposed to continuous fumigation of different EOs at different concentrations, during 2 application time spans (24 hours and 10 days). Experiments were stopped when infection symptoms were clearly observed on the leaves of the control plants. Plant physiology (photosynthesis and growth rate parameters) were recorded and leaves were sampled at different time points for subsequent RNA extraction and transcriptomics analysis. Strikingly, the Oregano vulgare essential oil vapour treatment during 24h post-infection proved to be sufficient to reduce downy mildew development by 95%. Total RNA was extracted from leaves of 24h and 10d treatments and used for whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq). Sequenced reads were then mapped onto the V. vinifera and P. viticola genomes. Less than 1% of reads could be mapped onto the P. viticola genome from treated samples, whereas up to 30 % reads from the controls mapped onto the P. viticola genome, thereby confirming the visual observation of P. viticola absence in the treated plants. On average, 80 % of reads could be mapped onto the V. vinifera genome for differential expression analysis, which yielded 4800 modulated genes. Transcriptomic data clearly showed that the treatment triggered the plant’s innate immune system with genes involved in salicylic, jasmonic acid and ethylene synthesis and signaling, activating Pathogenenesis-Related-proteins as well as phytoalexin synthesis.These results elucidate EO-host-pathogen interactions for the first time and indicate that the antifungal efficiency of EO is mainly due to the triggering of resistance pathways inside the host plants. This is of major importance for the production and research on biopesticides, plant stimulation products and for resistance-breeding strategiesAuthor SummaryThe reduction of synthetic plant protection products is a major concern of modern agriculture. The oomycetePlasmopora viticolawhich causes downy mildew in grapevine is amongst the most important grapevine pests and responsible for the dispersion of huge amounts of pesticides in vineyards. Among the evaluated alternatives to reduce or replace synthetic pesticides, plant volatile compounds could represent a sustainable solution. Some plant essential oils (EOs) have already shown antifungal capacities. However, their application is often difficult in terms of the right timing of treatment, degradation, bad rainfastness, mixability and phytotoxicity.The aim of the present work was to investigate whether the vapour phase, applied by a continuous fumigation of different EOs, might inhibit the development of downy mildew on grapevine, and in case of proven efficiency, to study the induced transcriptomic changes by RNA-sequencing in an attempt to elucidate the underlaying molecular interactions. Our results showed that the vapour phases ofO. vulgareandT. vulgariswere highly efficient against the pathogen. The study of differentially expressed genes indicated that the EO vapour triggered the main mechanisms of the plant’s innate immune system such as PTI (Pattern-Triggered Immunity) and ETI (Effector Triggered immunity).For the first time these results highlight the effects of EOs vapour on plant genes expression, which is very valuable information for the development of new natural plant protection products, as well as for breeding disease resistant cultivars.

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“…Chitinases belong to the glycosyl hydrolase family with a wide range of functions, including proper growth and development and resistance towards pathogens, fungi, cold stress and drought stress [55,56]. However, some chitinases are also upregulated by heavy metals [57].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological and Transcriptomic Response of Grey Poplar (Populus ×Canescens Aiton Sm.) to Cadmium Stress

Komarkova

Chromy

Pokorná

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Populus ×canescens (Aiton) Sm. is a fast-growing woody plant belonging to the family Salicaceae. Thanks to its deep root system and fast growth rate, two poplar genotypes (TP11 and TP20) was chosen to be characterized and tested for a physiological and transcriptomic response to Cd stress.Results: Both sexual and clonal reproduction are common in grey poplar. Thus, to reveal its genetic structure, two selected poplar genotypes characterized by unique phenotypic traits were distinguished by microsatellite analysis. A comparative analysis of the effects of exposure to high cadmium (Cd) concentrations on the physiological response of TP11 and TP20 was performed. After 2 and 10 days, 10 µM and 100 µM Cd were added to the nutrient solution of poplar plants grown in perlite. Neither tested Cd concentration negatively affected plant growth; however, the chlorophyll content significantly decreased. According to mineral uptake analysis, the potassium (K) content was higher in the shoots than in the roots. The calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) concentrations were only slightly affected by Cd treatment. The zinc (Zn) content in the shoots of TP20 was lower than that in the shoots of TP11. Moreover, the amount of Zn was slightly higher in the shoots of both genotypes after 10 days of Cd treatment compared to the control conditions. Cd accumulation was higher in the roots than in the shoots. After 2 days of 100 µM Cd treatment, TP11 accumulated significantly more Cd in the roots than TP20. After 10 days of exposure, 10 µM Cd resulted in comparable amounts of Cd in the roots and shoots of TP20, which was reflected in a translocation factor (TF) value greater than 1. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analyses were used to examine the expression profiles of selected stress-response genes in the roots and shoots of plants exposed to Cd. The most significant change in transcript amount was observed in endochitinase 2, 12-oxophytodienoate reductase 1 and phi class glutathione S-transferase, which have been characterized as stress-response genes.Conclusions: Our study provided new insights for effective assessing the ability of different poplar genotypes to tolerate Cd stress and underlying Cd tolerance.

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Chitinases—Potential Candidates for Enhanced Plant Resistance towards Fungal Pathogens

Cited by 127 publications

References 85 publications

Methylobacterium sp. 2A Is a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria That Has the Potential to Improve Potato Crop Yield Under Adverse Conditions

Methylobacterium sp. 2A Is a Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria That Has the Potential to Improve Potato Crop Yield Under Adverse Conditions

Oregano essential oil vapour preventsPlasmopora viticolainfection in grapevine (Vitis Vinifera) by triggering autoimmune metabolic pathways

Physiological and Transcriptomic Response of Grey Poplar (Populus ×Canescens Aiton Sm.) to Cadmium Stress

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