Chitinase Activity in Estuarine Waters

Smucker, Richard A.; Kim, Chi K.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3090-8_16

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The ranking of the activity of the investigated Chitin is the most abundant polysaccharide in marine environments with little resources of fresh plant detritus (Smucker & Kim, 1991). Food deposits in the deep-sea are limited and low in energetic quality.…”

Section: Activities Of Specific Hydrolasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial hydrolytic enzyme activities in deep-sea sediments

Boetius¹

1995

Helgolander Meeresunters

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The potential hydrolysis rates of five different hydrolytic enzymes were determined in deep-sea sediments from the northeast Atlantic (BIOTRANS area) in March 1992. Fluorogenic substrates were used to assay extracellular c~-and [~-glucosidase, chitobiase, lipase and aminopeptidase. The potential activity of most of the enzymes investigated decreased to a minimum within the upper two centimetre range, whereas aminopeptidase was high over the upper five centimetre range. Exceptions were found when macrofaunal burrows occurred in the cores, always increasing the activities of some hydrolases, and therefore indicating the impact of bioturbation on degradation rates. The most striking feature of the investigated enzyme spectrum was the 50-2000 times higher specific activity of the aminopeptidase, compared with the other hydrolases. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes most likely reflects the availability of their respective substrates and is not a function of bacterial biomass.

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Section: Activities Of Specific Hydrolasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial hydrolytic enzyme activities in deep-sea sediments

Boetius¹

1995

Helgolander Meeresunters

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“…Many different types of extracellular enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, 5 0 -nucleotidase, peptidase, aminopeptidase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, chitinase, etc.) have been detected in marine sediments, lakes, estuarine and coastal ecosystems and variations in their activities are related to environmental parameters such as nutrient availability and water depth (Perry, 1972;Ammerman and Azam, 1985;Chrost, 1989;Barfield and Francko, 1991;Jacobsen and Rai, 1991;Jones and Lock, 1991;Smucker and Kim, 1991). Results of previous studies indicate that activities of extracellular enzymes are important to inorganic phosphate (P i ) regeneration in aquatic environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Oxygen isotope signature of Pi regeneration from organic compounds by phosphomonoesterases and photooxidation

Liang

Blake

2006

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

130

149

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“…Sometimes, change in enzymatic activity did not correspond to variation in bacterial number at all (SALA and GÜDE, 1996;HOPPE et al, 1998). On the other hand, there have been increasing reports of correlations between some fraction of extracellular glycolytic activity and other planktonic organisms like phagotrophic flagellates (VRBA et al, , 1996dKARNER et al, 1994), diatoms (SMUCKER and KIM, 1991;VRBA et al, 1997) or crustacean zooplankton BOCHDANSKY et al, 1995). This study compares large data sets on extracellular -N-acetylhexosaminidase and α-and -glucosidase activity in various freshwater ecosystems.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…2A; cf. SMUCKER and KIM, 1991;VRBA et al, 1997) is partly caused by ectoenzymes produced by the diatoms. During two short blooms of planktonic diatoms, we always detected remarkable activity of the low-affinity -N-acetylhexosaminidase in the fraction >4 µm, tightly related to the diatom biomass (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To summarise, the following possible sources of -N-acetylhexosaminidases may significantly contribute to its total activity in aquatic environments: (i) chitinolytic bacteria producing particle-bound, low-affinity (K M ≥ 100 µmol l -1 ) -N-acetylhexosaminidase (VRBA et al, 1993;MACEK et al, 1996); (ii) another particle-bound, high-affinity (K M < 1 µmol l -1 ) enzyme related to protozoan occurrence (probably to digestion of prokaryotic prey; GON-ZÁLEZ et al, 1993;VRBA et al, 1993VRBA et al, , 1996dZUBKOV and SLEIGH, 1998); (iii) a free, lowaffinity (K M~6 0 µmol l -1 ) -N-acetylhexosaminidase released into water during arthropod moulting (VRBA and MACHÁČEK, 1994;ESPIE and ROSS, 1995;VRBA et al, 1997;JENKINS et al, 1998;OOSTERHUIS et al, 2000); (iv) in addition, diatoms apparently produce a particle-bound, low-affinity (K M > 150 µmol l -1 ) -N-acetylhexosaminidase (SMUCKER and KIM, 1991;VRBA et al, 1997;SHERR and SHERR, 1999; this study).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are Bacteria the Major Producers of Extracellular Glycolytic Enzymes in Aquatic Environments?

Vrba

Callieri

Bittl

et al. 2004

International Review of Hydrobiology

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In aquatic microbial ecology, it has been considered that most extracellular enzymes except phosphatases are of bacterial origin. We tested this paradigm by evaluating the relationship between bacterial cell number and the activity of three glycolytic enzymes from 17 fresh waters and also from a laboratory experiment. Our large sets of pooled data do not seem to support such a simple explanation, because we found only a weak correlation of bacterial number with activity of α-glucosidase (r s = 0.63), -glucosidase (r s = 0.45), and -N-acetylhexosaminidase (r s = 0.44). We also tested relations of the enzymatic activities to potential sources of natural substrates: dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phytoplankton (as chlorophyll a). Their correlations with the enzymatic activities tested were very weak or insignificant. On the other hand, we found evidence for distinct producers of extracellular enzymes by analysing enzyme kinetics. The kinetics usually did not follow the simple Michaelis-Menten model but a more complex one, indicating a mixture of two enzymes with distinct affinity to a substrate. In combination with size fractionation, we could sometimes even distinguish three or more different enzymes. During diatom blooms, the diatom biomass tightly correlated with -N-acetylhexosaminidase activity (> 4 µm fraction). We also documented very tight relationships between activity of both glucosidases and dry weight of Daphnia longispina (r s = 1.0 and 0.60 for α-and -glucosidases, respectively) in an alpine clear-water lake. Our data and evidence from other studies indicate that extracellular glycosidic activities in aquatic ecosystems cannot generally be assigned only to bacteria. Also invertebrate animals and other eukaryotes (fungi, diatoms, protozoa etc.) should be considered as potentially very important enzyme producers.

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Chitinase Activity in Estuarine Waters

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Microbial hydrolytic enzyme activities in deep-sea sediments

Microbial hydrolytic enzyme activities in deep-sea sediments

Oxygen isotope signature of Pi regeneration from organic compounds by phosphomonoesterases and photooxidation

Are Bacteria the Major Producers of Extracellular Glycolytic Enzymes in Aquatic Environments?

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