Chitin Glucan Shifts Luminal and Mucosal Microbial Communities, Improve Epithelial Barrier and Modulates Cytokine Production In Vitro

Abstract

The human gut microbiota has been linked to the health status of the host. Modulation of human gut microbiota through pro- and prebiotic interventions has yielded promising results; however, the effect of novel prebiotics, such as chitin–glucan, on gut microbiota–host interplay is still not fully characterized. We assessed the effect of chitin–glucan (CG) and chitin–glucan plus Bifidobacterium breve (CGB) on human gut microbiota from the luminal and mucosal environments in vitro. Further, we tested the effect of filter-sterilized fecal supernatants from CG and CGB fermentation for protective effects on inflammation-induced barrier disruption and cytokine production using a co-culture of enterocytes and macrophage-like cells. Overall, CG and CGB promote health-beneficial short-chain fatty acid production and shift human gut microbiota composition, with a consistent effect increasing Roseburia spp. and butyrate producing-bacteria. In two of three donors, CG and CGB also stimulated Faecalibacterium prausniitzi. Specific colonization of B. breve was observed in the lumen and mucosal compartment; however, no synergy was detected for different endpoints when comparing CGB and CG. Both treatments included a significant improvement of inflammation-disrupted epithelial barrier and shifts on cytokine production, especially by consistent increase in the immunomodulatory cytokines IL10 and IL6.

Complete Lipooligosaccharide Structure from Pseudoalteromonas nigrifaciens Sq02-Rifr and Study of Its Immunomodulatory Activity

“…In order to obtain a gut inflammation model, these monolayers were incubated with commercial LPS (LPS from Salmonella minnesota S-form, Enzo Life Sciences, Farmingdale, NY, USA) and LPS isolated from P. nigrifaciens at 20 µg mL −1 for 24 h. Successively, THP1-Blue™ cells were added to start the co-culture. Specifically, monocytes (THP-1) were added to the LPS-treated monolayers at a concentration of 5 × 10 4 cells mL −1 to obtain a co-culture model [14,36]. Supernatants were collected after 6 h incubation for NF-κB quantification (QUANTI-Blue reagent, InvivoGen, Toulouse, France).…”

“…Finally, here, we investigate the adjuvant and immunostimulatory effects of the LPS and lipid A molecules on enterocytes obtained by the differentiation of CaCo-2 cells. Furthermore, LPS treatments were also evaluated on a gut inflammation model of Caco-2 and THP-1 cells co-culture to assess the potential immune-modulation activity [14].…”

The Modulation of Chaihu Shugan Formula on Microbiota Composition in the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem Technology Platform and its Influence on Gut Barrier and Intestinal Immunity in Caco-2/THP1-Blue™ Cell Co-Culture Model

“…Ten samples were collected at the start (control condition only) and 20 samples after 48 h incubation (all conditions) for microbial community analysis. DNA was isolated from a total of 30 samples according to the method described by Catalayud et al ( Calatayud, 2021 ). 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing was performed to obtain the microbiota profiling of the colon compartment.…”

Alterations in infant gut microbiome composition and metabolism after exposure to glyphosate and Roundup and/or a spore-based formulation using the SHIME technology

“…All reactors incorporated a mucosal environment in the luminal suspension. The mucosal environment consisted of 80 mucin agar-covered microcosms (AnoxKaldnes K1 carrier; AnoxKaldnes AB, Lund, Sweden) per vessel, prepared and submerged in defined colonic medium as previously described (Calatayud et al, 2021).…”