Chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides as potential growth promoters and immunostimulants in aquaculture: A comprehensive review

Mohan, Kanwar; Rajan, Durairaj Karthick; Ganesan, Abirami Ramu; Dharmaraj, Divya; Johansen, J. G.; Zhang, Shubing

doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126285

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Some Aliivibrio species in the gut of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has been reported to be stimulated by the supplementation with chitin [53], one of the main components of exoskeletal shells from crustaceans [54]. In aquafeed, chitin is considered as a prebiotic, able to increase bacterial intestinal richness by favoring the growth of bene cial and chitin-degrading bacteria [55,56]. In this sense, many Aliivibrio species have chitinase activity [57], which may aid in the digestion of this ingredient since many marine sh, such as gilthead seabream, have shown a low chitin digestibility [58-60].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience of gut microbial assemblages in farmed fish revealed by long-term dietary changes

Ruiz,

Alós,

Gisbert

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Changes in the gut microbial assemblages associated with dietary changes are still poorly explored, but may have profound effects in the life-history and physiology of fishes. Here, we have investigated the influence of the diet type on the autochthonous gut microbiomes of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). We conducted a 60-day assay in which a dietary shift from commercial to a diet based only on shrimp, followed by determination of gut microbial assemblages using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The most prevalent species belonged to the genus Ralstonia, present in all samples, but was enhanced after the switch to shrimp diet. This seems to be a key genus whose functional relevance needs still to be unveiled given the wide distribution in samples with marine origin. Our results also pointed that nor the diet or the environmental microbiota (i.e. present in the water tanks) played a paramount role in the structure of the gut microbiome at the long-term. After 40 days, the gut microbial communities under both dietary treatments were very similar, being some species of the genera Ralstonia, Paraburkholderia, Fulvimonas, Pseudomonas and Cutibacteriumpart of the core-microbiome conserved at similar abundances over time. These results may challenge the common wisdom that diet is the primary determinant of gut microbiome composition in the long-term. In the era of the search for alternatives to fish-based ingredients in the aquafeed sector, and considering the paramount role of the gut microbiota in the fish health, this work offers valuable information for feed manufacturers to explore different nutritional strategies for aquaculture production, as long as the impact of the feeds on the physiology and quality of the fish are also tested.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience of gut microbial assemblages in farmed fish revealed by long-term dietary changes

Ruiz,

Alós,

Gisbert

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…Based on prior research findings [10,14], five iso-nitrogen, iso-lipid, and iso-energy feeds were used in this study. The control diet was designated as the 0% group without chitosan supplementation and the remaining experimental diets were supplemented with chitosan at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%, respectively designated as the 0.5% group, the 1.0% group, the 1.5% group and the 2.0% group.…”

Section: Experimental Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is widely acknowledged that chitosan exhibits exceptional adsorption capabilities for heavy metals, thereby presenting a wide range of potential applications [9]. The results of various studies have demonstrated that low-molecular-weight chitosan has the capacity to adsorb cadmium in aquaculture water, thereby alleviating its toxic impact on aquatic organisms [10]. At the same time, the utilization of chitosan as a novel adsorbent demonstrates its exceptional affinity toward lead and copper ions in aqueous solutions, thereby showcasing remarkable adsorption capacity [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, chitosan exhibits the ability to adsorb cadmium ions in aqueous environments and acts as a natural marine prebiotic for enhancing the immune response and disease resistance of aquatic organisms, suppressing the proliferation of harmful microorganisms and accelerating wound healing. Its biodegradability and unique molecular structure are widely recognized within the aquaculture industry [10,11]. However, the long-term inclusion of chitosan in animal feed has been observed to induce weight reduction in fish.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Chitosan on the Muscle Composition, Digestion, Lipid Metabolism, and Stress Resistance of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Cadmium-Induced Stress

Zhang,

Xie,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Animals

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on the muscle composition, digestion, lipid metabolism, and stress resistance, and their related gene expression, of juvenile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) subjected to cadmium (Cd2+) stress. Juvenile tilapia with an initial body weight of 21.21 ± 0.24 g were fed with a formulated feed containing five different levels (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) of chitosan for 60 days, while the water in all experimental groups contained a Cd2+ concentration of 0.2 mg/L. The results showed that, compared with the control group (0% chitosan), the contents of crude fat and crude protein in the muscle, the activities of lipase, trypsin, and amylase in the intestine, as well as the relative expression levels of metallothionein (mt), cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (cpt-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (pparα), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (pparγ), hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl), lipoprotein lipase (lpl), malate dehydrogenase (mdh), leptin (lep), fatty acid synthase (fas), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (srebp1), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (scd) genes in the liver of juveniles were significantly increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary chitosan supplementation could alleviate the effects of Cd2+ stress on the muscle composition, digestive enzymes, lipid metabolism, and stress resistance, and their related gene expression, of juvenile tilapia, and to some extent reduce the toxic effect of Cd2+ stress on tilapia.

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“…They can be used as feed additives to promote growth, improve feed conversion, and stimulate the immune system of farmed animals [45]. Chitin has been found to act as a prebiotic and modulate the microbial communities in the gut of fish, which can improve their immunity and disease resistance [11,46]. Some studies even suggest that chitin and its derivative chitosan can boost shrimp immunity, helping to prevent and fight infectious diseases [47].…”

Section: Is Chitin Really a Problem In Aquaculture?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitinase and Insect Meal in Aquaculture Nutrition: A Comprehensive Overview of the Latest Achievements

Hasan,

Gai,

Cirrincione

et al. 2023

Fishes

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The aquaculture industry is looking for sustainable alternatives to conventional fish meals in fish feed, and insect-based meals are proving to be a promising solution. These meals are nutritionally optimal as they have a high protein content and an ideal amino acid profile. However, the presence of chitin, a component of the insect exoskeleton in these meals presents both an opportunity and a challenge. Chitosan, a derivative of chitin, is known to improve the physiological functions of fish, including growth, immunity, and disease resistance. While chitin and its derivative chitosan offer several physiological benefits, their presence can affect the digestibility of feed in some fish species, making the inclusion of insect-based meals in aquafeeds complex. While studies suggest positive effects, some problems, such as reduced growth rates in certain species, emphasize the need for further research on chitin digestion in fish. Chitinase, an enzyme that breaks down chitin, is being investigated as a potential solution to improve the nutritional value of insect meals in aquafeed. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the applications, benefits, and challenges of using chitinase in aquaculture, highlighting the enzyme’s role in improving feed digestibility, disease control, and environmental sustainability. Extensive research is required to fully understand the potential of chitinase enzymes in aquaculture and to optimize their applications in this dynamic field. Overall, this review provides insight into the evolving landscape of insect-based meals and the applications of chitinase enzymes within sustainable aquaculture practices.

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Chitin, chitosan and chitooligosaccharides as potential growth promoters and immunostimulants in aquaculture: A comprehensive review

Cited by 14 publications

References 126 publications

Resilience of gut microbial assemblages in farmed fish revealed by long-term dietary changes

Resilience of gut microbial assemblages in farmed fish revealed by long-term dietary changes

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Chitosan on the Muscle Composition, Digestion, Lipid Metabolism, and Stress Resistance of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Cadmium-Induced Stress

Chitinase and Insect Meal in Aquaculture Nutrition: A Comprehensive Overview of the Latest Achievements

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