Chinese football violence: An extended theory of planned behavior model to predict fans’ violent behavioral intentions

Abstract

This study introduced deindividuation (DI) variables and constructed a mechanism model of football fans’ violent behavioral intentions (FVBI) in China based on theory of planned behavior (TPB). Specifically, taking Chinese football fans as the research subjects, we used a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the specific effects of subjective norms (SNs), perceived behavioral control, DI, and attitude (AT) on violent behavior intentions. Our results showed that SNs (β = -0.132, P < 0.01) had a significant negative predictive effect on FVBI, while perceived behavioral control (β = 0.297, P < 0.01), DI (β = 0.239, P < 0.01), and AT (β = 0.416, P < 0.01) had a significant positive predictive effect. However, we found that AT was the most important factor that predicted the FVBI and played a mediating role between SNs and FVBI, between perceived behavior control (PBC) and FVBI, and between DI and FVBI as well.

Exploring the Dynamics of Football Tourism in Chengdu city, China: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Understanding Tourists’ Intention

“…In the context of football tourism, subjective norms represent the perceived social pressure to engage or not in football tourism behaviors (Tian et al, 2022). Motivation for football tourism is a critical determinant of tourist behavior, which is significantly influenced by subjective norms (Chen et al, 2023).…”