Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra) phenolics mitigated protein glycoxidation and formation of advanced glycation end-products: A mechanistic investigation

An overview of the nutritional value, health properties, and future challenges of Chinese bayberry

“…CB fruits exhibit a please sweet and sour taste. Prior reports have indicated that these fruits contain soluble solid levels ranging from 8.4–15.0% ( Cheng et al, 2016 ; Liang et al, 2019 ; Liang et al, 2020 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2016a ; Zhang et al, 2018a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2016 ), with total sugar and total acid contents of 8.4% and 1.2%, respectively. While the data herein were from multiple sources and were derived from different analytical approaches, we have converted these data into the same units to reduce variability and permit statistical analyses.…”

“…CB-derived flavonoids are thought to exhibit beneficial anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activities ( Zhang et al, 2018b ). The most abundant flavonoid in these analyzed fruits was the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (6,322–1,1846 mg/kg dry weight [DW]), followed by the epicatechin (82.25–111.87 mg/kg DW), quercetin (5.98–36.47 mg/kg DW), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (21.2–91.6 mg/kg DW), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (279.14 mg/100 g DW), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (0.07−1.39 mg/kg DW), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (30.8 mg/g DW), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (8.2 mg/g DW) ( Liu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2016a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). The total relative anthocyanin levels in these fruits are 2.80−5.12 mg/kg (DW) ( Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The most abundant flavonoid in these analyzed fruits was the cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (6,322–1,1846 mg/kg dry weight [DW]), followed by the epicatechin (82.25–111.87 mg/kg DW), quercetin (5.98–36.47 mg/kg DW), myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (21.2–91.6 mg/kg DW), kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (279.14 mg/100 g DW), quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (0.07−1.39 mg/kg DW), quercetin-3-O-galactoside (30.8 mg/g DW), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (8.2 mg/g DW) ( Liu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2016a ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). The total relative anthocyanin levels in these fruits are 2.80−5.12 mg/kg (DW) ( Zhang et al, 2021 ). These substances account for the majority of secondary metabolites present in CB fruits, offering a valuable resource for future studies of the association between flavonoids and physiological function.…”

“…In prior analyses of secondary metabolites, 15 CB-derived phenolic acids were identified ( Liu et al, 2020 ). The content of protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and p-coumaric acid levels in CB fruits are 32.12–133.84 mg/kg (DW), 0.39−4.45 mg/kg (DW), and 0.05−0.57 mg/kg (DW) ( Zhang et al, 2021 ), and these compounds have been ascribed beneficial pharmacological activities including the ability to prevent platelet aggregation, reduce myocardial oxygen consumption, increase myocardial oxygen tolerance, and slow the heart rate. In addition, they exhibit bacteriostatic, neuroprotective, analgesic, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidant activity ( Song et al, 2020 ).…”

“…Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and myricetin additionally exhibit anti-inflammatory activity when used to treat P. acnes -stimulated human SZ95 sebocytes, making them promising modulators of inflammatory signaling pathways in the treatment of skin acne ( Chen et al, 2019 ). Phenolic-rich extracts derived from CB can additionally prevent protein glycation and advanced glycation end-products formation, in addition to exhibiting anti-aging properties ( Zhang et al, 2021 ) ( Table 2 ). CB fruits and leaves are an important source of therapeutically useful flavonoids and polyphenolics.…”