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From 2009 to 18, the US based Center for Climate Strategies and Beijing based Global Environmental Institute led a cooperative US-China relations program on low carbon development (LCD). The template for bilateral cooperation leveraged traditional policy innovation and mainstreaming procedures in China through early stage training and counterpart exchange, co-development and piloting of tools, national endorsement for official use, training and capacity building, and cooperative planning actions. The experience suggests that the bilateral cooperation model through high level technical and institutional cooperation between governmental and nongovernmental experts worked well and can be replicated with customization to new bilateral relationships at different jurisdictional levels and for different issue areas. However, to succeed it requires years of stable investment and continuous counterpart engagement, and its application to new bilateral cooperation must address a variety of barriers. The China subnational LCD co-development process was enabled by an existing US template for state level comprehensive climate action planning applied in over 20 US states. Its domestication in China resulted in creation of the China Subnational LCD Planning and Analysis Toolkit, a pilot in Chongqing, official endorsement by China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), and further recognition through a US State Department -China NDRC EcoPartnership. Ultimately, it involved many partners, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Policy and Management, the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, and over 30 provinces and cities. It led to new China efforts addressing renewable energy implementation in South China, and for LCD and renewable energy cooperation in
From 2009 to 18, the US based Center for Climate Strategies and Beijing based Global Environmental Institute led a cooperative US-China relations program on low carbon development (LCD). The template for bilateral cooperation leveraged traditional policy innovation and mainstreaming procedures in China through early stage training and counterpart exchange, co-development and piloting of tools, national endorsement for official use, training and capacity building, and cooperative planning actions. The experience suggests that the bilateral cooperation model through high level technical and institutional cooperation between governmental and nongovernmental experts worked well and can be replicated with customization to new bilateral relationships at different jurisdictional levels and for different issue areas. However, to succeed it requires years of stable investment and continuous counterpart engagement, and its application to new bilateral cooperation must address a variety of barriers. The China subnational LCD co-development process was enabled by an existing US template for state level comprehensive climate action planning applied in over 20 US states. Its domestication in China resulted in creation of the China Subnational LCD Planning and Analysis Toolkit, a pilot in Chongqing, official endorsement by China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), and further recognition through a US State Department -China NDRC EcoPartnership. Ultimately, it involved many partners, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute for Policy and Management, the Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, and over 30 provinces and cities. It led to new China efforts addressing renewable energy implementation in South China, and for LCD and renewable energy cooperation in
This article deals with the Australian total energy consumption related to economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in which total energy consumption is sub-divided into renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the nexus between all energy elements with gross domestic product and CO2 emission using the Cobb-Douglas equation. The study is based on the Australian panel data over the period from 1976–1977 to 2012–2013. Vector error correction model and generalized method of moments were used to estimate the variables for the relationship between energy variables. The proposed model shows good agreement with the data available on the bioenergy production and consumption in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. In this model, oil price, oil consumption, carbon tax, renewable energy technology, population growth, urbanization, etc., have been considered as model variables or governing factors. The results show the bidirectional relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emission. The proposed energy economic model is focused on resilient strategic investment decisions on CO2 emission intensive sectors like electricity generation and the transport sector. The model can be used to determine and understand the relationship between reduction of CO2 emission and economic growth in Australia.
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