China’s National Health Policies: An Ontological Analysis

Abstract

The health care system in China is facing a multitude of challenges owing to the changing demographics of the country, the evolving economics of health care, and the emerging epidemiology of health as well as diseases. China’s many national health care policies are documented in Chinese text documents. It is necessary to map the policies synoptically, systemically, and systematically to discover their emphases and biases, assess them, and modify them in the future. Using a logically constructed ontology of health care policies based on the common bodies of knowledge as a lens, we map the current policies to reveal their ‘bright’, ‘light’, and ‘blind/blank’ spots. The ontological map will help (a) develop a roadmap for future health care policies in China, and (b) compare and contrast China’s health care policies with other countries’.

Technological innovation for sustainable growth: An ontological perspective

“…A detailed description of ontological meta-analysis and synthesis of research in mHealth is provided by Cameron et al (2016), in eCommerce by La Paz et al (2015) and in public health informatics by Ramaprasad and Syn (2015). The method has also been applied to the comprehensive analysis of national healthcare policies in Australia (Ramaprasad et al, 2016b), China (Dai et al, 2016), India (Sastry et al, 2017) and Chile (Núñez Mondaca et al, 2015) and to national educational policy in India (Ramaprasad et al, 2016a). The ontological framework hierarchically deconstructs (Simon, 1962) the complexity of MOTISG.…”

A Framework for Developing a National Research Strategy for Water Reuse

“…The ontology can make the 'elephant' visible. Studies on national healthcare policies [12][13][14][15][16], higher education policies [56], transboundary sharing of river water [11], and clean air policies [57] using ontologies provide evidence of the siloed, selective, sparse, segmented, and nonsystemic. They are siloed in that the emphases on the columns are severely unbalanced, selective in their choice of elements addressed, sparse in the overall coverage of elements and the attendant pathways, segmented attention to pathways, and because of all the above, inattentive to addressing the problem systemically.…”

“…As a scientific theory, it can be used to describe, explain, predict, and control [8] water reuse through feedback and learning [9,10] systemically as part of a broader ecosystem, and systematically by exploring the innumerable pathways within it. Ontological frameworks have been used to study river water sharing [11], national healthcare policies [12][13][14][15][16], design thinking [17], public health informatics [18], local climate change [19], and other domains. In the following paper, we (a) present an ontology of water reuse strategies based on the present definitions of water reuse, (b) discuss how it can be used as a comprehensive, national research design framework, and (c) delineate its implications for research on, policies for, and the practice of water reuse.…”

Megaprojects – symbolic and sublime: an ontological review

“…The framework is then applied to the domain knowledge and revised through abstraction processes iteratively until the framework converges on the domain statement (Ramaprasad and Syn, 2014a, b). The method has been used to systematically and systemically study the state-of-the-research or-practice of various domains including mobile health or mHealth (Cameron et al , 2017), e-commerce (La Paz et al , 2015), eGovernment (Ramaprasad et al , 2015), and national healthcare policies of Australia, China, and India (Dai et al , 2016; Sastry et al , 2017; Ramaprasad et al , 2016). In this paper, we apply it to analyze the state-of-the-research of megaprojects.…”