China’s emerging vaccine industry

Hendriks, J.; Liang, Yan; Zeng, Bing

doi:10.4161/hv.6.7.11933

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Vaccines have a booming market in China since pharmaceutical innovation is encouraged and prioritized by the government. The industry produces more than $3 billion in revenue per year [41][42][43]. However, there are also issues concerning the violation of standards.…”

Section: Increasing Incidence Of Measles and Low Vaccination Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying Public Perception about Vaccination: A Sentiment Analysis of Tweets

Raghupathi

Ren

Raghupathi

2020

IJERPH

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Text analysis has been used by scholars to research attitudes toward vaccination and is particularly timely due to the rise of medical misinformation via social media. This study uses a sample of 9581 vaccine-related tweets in the period 1 January 2019 to 5 April 2019. The time period is of the essence because during this time, a measles outbreak was prevalent throughout the United States and a public debate was raging. Sentiment analysis is applied to the sample, clustering the data into topics using the term frequency–inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) technique. The analyses suggest that most (about 77%) of the tweets focused on the search for new/better vaccines for diseases such as the Ebola virus, human papillomavirus (HPV), and the flu. Of the remainder, about half concerned the recent measles outbreak in the United States, and about half were part of ongoing debates between supporters and opponents of vaccination against measles in particular. While these numbers currently suggest a relatively small role for vaccine misinformation, the concept of herd immunity puts that role in context. Nevertheless, going forward, health experts should consider the potential for the increasing spread of falsehoods that may get firmly entrenched in the public mind.

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Section: Increasing Incidence Of Measles and Low Vaccination Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studying Public Perception about Vaccination: A Sentiment Analysis of Tweets

Raghupathi

Ren

Raghupathi

2020

IJERPH

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“…Media reports of 17 infant deaths, including one case of anaphylactic shock following HepB vaccination, raised widespread public concern in China [ 3,19]. After investigation, The China Food and Drug Administration reported that the deaths were not related to the vaccine, but instead with a variety of problems, including severe pneumonia, suffocation, kidney failure, severe diarrhea and congenital heart disease [3,19,20,21]. In passive surveillance systems, the behavior of parents and vaccine providers behavior may influence the number of reports.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As part of the EPI in China, about 22 vaccine doses are administered during the first year of life [2]. With its 1.3 billion inhabitants and over 17 million annual newborns, China is one of the largest market and manufacturer for vaccines in the world [3]. On average, more than 500 million vaccine doses are administered every year [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All vaccines administered in mainland China are monitored and considered to be safe and effective by the National Regulatory Authority [3]. Since 2008, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) has monitored AEFI reports, which are recorded using a passive AEFI nationwide surveillance program (Chinese AEFI Information System [CNAEFIS]) [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deaths reported to national surveillance for adverse events following immunization in China, 2010–2015

Liu

Nuorti

et al. 2019

Vaccine

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Background:The national Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) surveillance system in China (CNAEFIS) has collected AEFI reports -including deaths -following all vaccines used in China since 2008. Aims:To review reports of AEFI-associated death cases from 2010 to 2015 to assess potential vaccine safety issues.Methods: Descriptive analysis of epidemiologic characteristic of AEFI-associated death cases and standard causality assessment for reported causes of deaths. To estimate the risk of death after vaccination, we used population data, administered doses and live births to calculate denominators. Results:During 2010-2015, 753 deaths were reported to CNAEFIS from mainland China. Highest numbers were reported in 2013 and 2014 when reporting peak of AEFI-associated deaths occurred after media reports concerning "death following Hepatitis B vaccination" in China. About 95% of deaths were in children <5 years of age and males accounted for 60%. Most common vaccines associated with reports of fatal AEFIs were vaccines in national immunization schedule. In causality assessment, 120 (16.0%) deaths were classified as vaccine-associated reactions such as anaphylactic reactions and disseminated BCG infections; 594 (78.9%) deaths were identified as coincidental events. The main causes of death were asphyxia, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. The overall estimated AEFI-associated death rates were: 0.26 per million vaccination doses administered and 0.09 per million population. The neonatal AEFI death rate was 0.77 per million live births. Conclusions:These data provide reassuring information about the small risk of death following immunization. They also illustrate sensitivity of passive reporting to public information and that peaks in serious AEFI reports should be interpreted with caution. Continuous monitoring and scientific causality assessment for serious AEFIs, including AEFI-associated deaths is imperative to ensure public confidence in the immunization program.

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“…25 Much of that perception relies on an effective system of vaccine regulation. For each of the BRICS countries, we therefore investigated the functionality of the relevant national regulatory authority -as assessed by WHO, the judgements of consumers or other regulatory authorities as to the suitability for procurement of vaccines from the country, and the regulation of clinical trials of vaccines.…”

Section: Vaccine Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%