China's application of the One Health approach in addressing public health threats at the human-animal-environment interface: Advances and challenges

Global One Health index for zoonoses: A performance assessment in 160 countries and territories

“…The methodology that employed algorithms has proven to be effective. 60 , 61 , 62 To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first global and comprehensive assessment of the performance of zoonoses based on the OH concept. The scores under each GOHI-Zoonoses indicator reflected the strengths and weaknesses in controlling or responding to zoonotic threats by country and region, which are positively associated with economic, sociodemographic, environmental, and climatic factors.…”

Pre-Harvest Food Safety Challenges in Food-Animal Production in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

“…The average annual growth rate of the Chinese government’s budget for major infectious diseases between 2016 and 2020 was 3.31%, excluding the budget for COVID-19. In addition to promulgating and enhancing the Wildlife Protection Law and the Animal Epidemic Prevention Law, China has also enacted surveillance systems for both livestock and wildlife to improve animal health [ 88 ]. Moreover, China has been addressing food security issues, including reduced arable land, growing food demand, and insufficient food surveillance.…”

“…Policies such as the National Agricultural Sustainable Development Plan (2015–2030) and the Food Safety Law have been implemented, encouraging strategies like returning crop residues to fields, utilizing organic fertilizers, and strict surveillance of food additive use. To reduce the massive amount of food waste, a national “clean your plate” promotion has been in place since 2013, followed by the Anti-Food Waste Law in 2021 [ 88 ]. Furthermore, China has put extensive effort into controlling antibiotic use, resulting in a reduction in antibiotic usage among hospitalized patients from 59.40% in 2011 to 36.0% in 2019.…”

“…In 2014, China implemented the National Action Plan to Contain Antimicrobial Resistance, which was the first to address antibiotic-resistance problems from a holistic perspective. It stressed the importance of regulations in healthcare and agriculture, intersectoral collaboration with clear responsibilities, and management of environmental pollution [ 88 ].…”

“…Consistent oversight of the food chain will be adopted, ensuring equal attention is given to all risks. There will be no varying levels of safety; both domestically consumed and exported food will adhere to identical food safety standards [ 88 ].…”