Chimeric antigen receptor-T cells immunotherapy for targeting breast cancer

Abstract

Redirected chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells can recognize and eradicate cancer cells in a major histocompatibility complex independent manner. Genetic engineering of T cells through CAR expression has yielded great results in the treatment of hematological malignancies compared with solid tumors. There has been a constant effort to enhance the effectiveness of these living drugs, due to their limited success in targeting solid tumors. Poor T cell trafficking, tumor-specific antigen selection, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment are considered as the main barriers in targeting solid tumors by CAR T-cells. Here, we reviewed the current state of CAR T-cell therapy in breast cancer, as the second cancer-related death in women worldwide, as well as some strategies adopted to keep the main limitations of CAR T-cells under control. Also, we summarized various approaches that have been developed to enhance the therapeutic outcomes of this treatment in solid tumors targeting.

Instigation of the epoch of nanovaccines in cancer immunotherapy

“…Some examples include tyrosinase related proteins (Trp1/Trp2) overexpressed in melanoma, carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancers, prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer, and HER2/neu in breast cancer (Liu, Miao, et al, 2020). Preclinical efficacy has been demonstrated by targeting these antigens (Heck et al, 2017; Murgas et al, 2018; Rahimmanesh & Khanahmad, 2021; Ziogas et al, 2021). However, their clinical efficacy with respect to their applications in vaccine development are yet to be uncovered.…”

“…Some examples include tyrosinase related proteins (Trp1/Trp2) overexpressed in melanoma, carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancers, prostate specific membrane antigen in prostate cancer, and HER2/neu in breast cancer (Liu, Miao, et al, 2020). Preclinical efficacy has been demonstrated by targeting these antigens (Heck et al, 2017;Murgas et al, 2018;Rahimmanesh & F I G U R E 2 DC interact with the nanovaccine followed by the process of antigen presentation through CD40 and MHC II. Post attachment and antigen presentation of nanocarrier, maturation and migration of DC cell results in regulatory T cell activation in lymph nodes.…”

“…This further results in immune memory activation via T and B cells. Khanahmad, 2021;Ziogas et al, 2021). However, their clinical efficacy with respect to their applications in vaccine development are yet to be uncovered.…”