Chilling Injury and Resistance

Levitt, J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-445501-6.50008-7

Cited by 45 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 122 publications

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“…Several studies have found that cell membrane networks are the primary sites of freezing injury in plants ( Levitt, 1980 ; Steponkus, 1984 ), and that freeze-induced membrane damage is caused primarily by the acute dehydration caused by freezing ( Steponkus, 1984 ; Steponkus, 1993 ). The extracellular fluids of the apoplastic space contain a lower solute concentration than the intracellular fluid and thus have a higher freezing point; therefore, ice formation is initiated first in the apoplastic space ( Jan and Andrabi, 2009 ).…”

Section: Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physio-biochemical and molecular stress regulators and their crosstalk for low-temperature stress responses in fruit crops: A review

et al. 2022

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Low-temperature stress (LTS) drastically affects vegetative and reproductive growth in fruit crops leading to a gross reduction in the yield and loss in product quality. Among the fruit crops, temperate fruits, during the period of evolution, have developed the mechanism of tolerance, i.e., adaptive capability to chilling and freezing when exposed to LTS. However, tropical and sub-tropical fruit crops are most vulnerable to LTS. As a result, fruit crops respond to LTS by inducing the expression of LTS related genes, which is for climatic acclimatization. The activation of the stress-responsive gene leads to changes in physiological and biochemical mechanisms such as photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, respiration, membrane composition changes, alteration in protein synthesis, increased antioxidant activity, altered levels of metabolites, and signaling pathways that enhance their tolerance/resistance and alleviate the damage caused due to LTS and chilling injury. The gene induction mechanism has been investigated extensively in the model crop Arabidopsis and several winter kinds of cereal. The ICE1 (inducer of C-repeat binding factor expression 1) and the CBF (C-repeat binding factor) transcriptional cascade are involved in transcriptional control. The functions of various CBFs and aquaporin genes were well studied in crop plants and their role in multiple stresses including cold stresses is deciphered. In addition, tissue nutrients and plant growth regulators like ABA, ethylene, jasmonic acid etc., also play a significant role in alleviating the LTS and chilling injury in fruit crops. However, these physiological, biochemical and molecular understanding of LTS tolerance/resistance are restricted to few of the temperate and tropical fruit crops. Therefore, a better understanding of cold tolerance’s underlying physio-biochemical and molecular components in fruit crops is required under open and simulated LTS. The understanding of LTS tolerance/resistance mechanism will lay the foundation for tailoring the novel fruit genotypes for successful crop production under erratic weather conditions.

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Section: Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physio-biochemical and molecular stress regulators and their crosstalk for low-temperature stress responses in fruit crops: A review

et al. 2022

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“…The area subject to meteorological drought constitutes about 21% of the earth's land area, with nearly 13% under moderate to severe conditions (Prudhomme et al 2014;Damberg and AghaKouchak 2014), whereas the area suffering from soil salinization accounts for approximately 7% of the global land area and 20% of the total cropland area (Rasool et al 2013). Other forms of abiotic stress, such as soil acidification (Sumner and Noble 2003), heavy metal contamination (Adrees et al 2015), UV radiation (Jansen and van den Noort 2000), extreme temperature (Levitt 1980), and nutrient imbalance (Huber et al 2012), also have negative effects on plant growth. Among the biotic stresses, fungal pathogen contributes to 70-80% of plant diseases (Ray et al 2017), while bacterial or viral pathogens usually have a long latent period and cause fatal plant injuries (García and Pallás 2015;Kim et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon enhancement of estimated plant biomass carbon accumulation under abiotic and biotic stresses. A meta-analysis

Song

Zhang

et al. 2018

Agron. Sustain. Dev.

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Abiotic and biotic stresses are the major factors limiting plant growth worldwide. Plants exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses often cause reduction in plant biomass as well as crop yield, resulting in plant biomass carbon loss. As a beneficial and quasiessential element, silicon accumulation in rhizosphere and plants can alleviate the unfavorable effects of the major forms of abiotic and biotic stress through several resistance mechanisms and thus increases plant biomass accumulation and crop yield. The beneficial effects of silicon on plant growth and crop yield have been widely reviewed over the last years. However, carbon accumulation of silicon-associated plant biomass under abiotic and biotic stresses has not yet been systematically addressed. This review article focuses on both the main mechanisms of silicon-mediated alleviation of abiotic and biotic stresses and their effects on plant biomass carbon accumulation in terrestrial ecosystems. The major points are the following: (1) the recovery of plant biomass via silicon mediation usually exhibits a bell-shaped response curve to abiotic stress severity and an S-shaped response curve to biotic stress severity; (2) although carbon concentration of plant biomass decreases with silicon accumulation, more than 96% of the recovered plant biomass contributes to plant biomass carbon accumulation; (3) silicon-mediated recovery generally increases plant biomass carbon by 35% and crop yield by 24%. In conclusion, silicon can improve plant growth and enhance plant biomass carbon accumulation under abiotic and biotic stresses in terrestrial ecosystems.

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“…If there is physiological and structural damage, it is referred to as 'chilling injury.' The phenomenon has been well described (5,12,13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If there is physiological and structural damage, it is referred to as 'chilling injury.' The phenomenon has been well described (5,12,13).Among chilling sensitive plants such as Gossypium, Paspalum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Glycine max, the chloroplast is the first of the organelles to show ultrastructural damage from chilling (1,11,29,35). Changes in chloroplast function have been tabulated for five chilling-sensitive species (26) and decline in photoreductive activity is common (10,14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Pigment Composition in Chilling-Stressed Soybeans

Musser¹,

Thomas²,

Wise³

et al. 1984

Plant Physiol.

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Shoots of 16-day-old soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Ransom) were chilled to 10°C for 7 days and monitored for visible signs of damage, ultrastructural changes, perturbations in fluorescence of chlorophyll (Chl), and quantitative changes in Chi a and b and associated pigments. Precautions were taken to prevent the confounding effects of water stress. A technique for the separation of lutein and zeaxanthin was developed utilizing a step gradient with the high performance liquid chromatograph. Visible losses in Chl were detectable within the first day of chilling, and regreening did not occur until the shoots were returned to 25°C. Ultrastructurally, unstacking of chloroplast grana occurred, and the envelope membranes developed protrusions. Furthermore, the lipids were altered to the point that the membranes were poorly stabilized by a glutaraldehyde/osmium double-fixation procedure. Chl fluorescence rates were greatly reduced within 2 hours after chilling began and returned to normal only after rewarming. The rapid loss of Chl that occurred during chilling was accompanied by the appearance of zeaxanthin and a decline in violaxanthin. Apparently a zeaxanthin-violaxanthin epoxidation/de-epoxidation cycle was operating. When only the roots were chilled, no substantial changes were detected in ultrastructure, fluorescence rates, or pigment levels.A large number of crop plants originated in the tropics or subtropics and begin to show deleterious responses as the temperature is lowered below 20°C. If there is physiological and structural damage, it is referred to as 'chilling injury.' The phenomenon has been well described (5,12,13).Among chilling sensitive plants such as Gossypium, Paspalum, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Glycine max, the chloroplast is the first of the organelles to show ultrastructural damage from chilling (1,11,29,35). Changes in chloroplast function have been tabulated for five chilling-sensitive species (26) and decline in photoreductive activity is common (10,14). Since changes in photosynthetic electron transfer activity can be monitored fluorometrically in intact leaves (20,26), changes in fluorescence of Chl have the potential for serving as a very early sign of chilling injury. This expectation is tested herein.Aside from the light energy transfer role of the carotenoids in photosynthetic membranes, they are known protectants of Chl against photooxidation. Apparently under chilling conditions, the equilibrium is shifted in the direction of excessive photooxidation (16, 29

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Chilling Injury and Resistance

Cited by 45 publications

References 122 publications

Physio-biochemical and molecular stress regulators and their crosstalk for low-temperature stress responses in fruit crops: A review

Physio-biochemical and molecular stress regulators and their crosstalk for low-temperature stress responses in fruit crops: A review

Silicon enhancement of estimated plant biomass carbon accumulation under abiotic and biotic stresses. A meta-analysis

Chloroplast Ultrastructure, Chlorophyll Fluorescence, and Pigment Composition in Chilling-Stressed Soybeans

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