Childrenʼs understanding of the causality of pain

Gaffney, Anne; Dunne, Elizabeth

doi:10.1016/0304-3959(87)90182-5

Cited by 76 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The PSOCQ-A 6 th grade readability level roughly corresponds to the age of ≥ 12 years. This age was considered to be a developmentally appropriate lower end for the concepts being assessed with respect to the literature focusing on the development of children's concepts of pain and illness [2; 10–11] which suggests that approximately 11 years of age is when an appreciation of “psychophysiologic” factors begins to emerge as relevant to children's understanding of the pain experience.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Readiness to change in pediatric chronic pain: Initial validation of adolescent and parent versions of the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire

Guite

Logan

Simons

et al. 2011

Pain

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Despite the clinical importance of readiness to change in predicting treatment outcomes among adults, no studies have examined this construct among pediatric pain patients. Because parents play a key role in adolescent pain management, both adolescent and parent readiness to adopt a self-management approach to pain merit further study. The primary goal of the current study was to validate adolescent and parent-report adaptations of the adult Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire (PSOCQ). Participants included 259 adolescent patients with chronic pain syndromes and their parents presenting to two pediatric pain management clinics. Using confirmatory factor analytic techniques, a four-factor solution was supported for the parent (PSOCQ-P) version that included Precontemplation, Contemplation, Action and Maintenance factors, while the adolescent (PSOCQ-A) version supported a three-factor model that combines the Action and Maintenance scales. Within both versions, each of the factors was found to be internally consistent. The PSOCQ-A and PSOCQ-P showed evidence of criterion validity through significant correlations with coping strategies and pain catastrophizing. Stability findings at four and eight weeks following a multidisciplinary pain clinic evaluation are reported. Associations between pediatric PSOCQ scores and demographic, pain and functional domains were explored to inform future research. Further validation of the PSOCQ-A and PSOCQ-P measures with new, separate samples of pediatric pain patients and parents are needed before use in clinical contexts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Readiness to change in pediatric chronic pain: Initial validation of adolescent and parent versions of the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire

Guite

Logan

Simons

et al. 2011

Pain

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show abstract

“…According to Savedra et al , 39 hospitalized children (9–12 years old) more frequently listed physical causes of pain related to illness and medical procedures. This can be explained by the school‐aged child’s stage of cognitive development 15 , 18 , 19 , 24 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When assessing a child’s pain, his/her psychological development must be considered by the health professional, because the level of cognitive development appears to be related to the child’s ability to understand and experience pain. During the concrete operational stage (7–11 years of age), a child is able to describe several dimensions of pain, and has sophisticated language skills, although there is usually a lack of abstract thinking 18 , 19 . According to Alex and Ritchie, a school‐aged child’s thinking can also be a combination of reality and fantasy 20 .…”

Section: A Child’s Experience Of Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the experiental viewpoint of the child’s development, a child’s previous experiences of pain events may have both positive and negative effects 23 . A school‐aged child may experience pain as a punishment, or have difficulty in understanding any value in pain 10 , 19 , 24 . Cultural and family factors affect each child’s pain experience, because it is in the context of family and society that the child learns to express pain 25 .…”

Section: A Child’s Experience Of Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pain in children: Qualitative research of Finnish school‐aged children’s experiences of pain in hospital

Pölkki¹,

Pietilä

Rissanen³

1999

Int J of Nursing Practice

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The purpose of the study was to describe school-aged children's experiences of pain in the hospital. Data were collected from 20 children aged between seven and 11 years of age who were inpatients in the pediatric wards of the University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Each of the children wrote of their experiences of pain in the hospital, and they were interviewed on the basis of this information. The data were analyzed inductively using content analysis. On the basis of the analysis, the situations that caused pain to all children in the hospital were found to be procedures connected with needles. The children described their experiences of pain as both physiological (e.g. poking, stinging, aching) and psychological feelings (unpleasant feelings, terror, anxiety, and fear). In addition, methods of relieving pain (coping mechanisms, help from the medical staff, parental presence, and previous experiences of similar situations) were acknowledged. The results indicate that school-aged children (aged 7-11 years) are able to describe their pain experiences, which should be considered in assessment and treatment of children's pain in nursing practice.

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“…These children are generally able to use analogies to describe pain (Gaffney & Dunne, 1987). Spotlight on IVs is oriented to children in Piaget's concrete operational stage.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distress in Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Patients Undergoing Intravenous Procedures: Evaluation of a CD-ROM Intervention

Bisignano¹,

Bush²

2006

Children's Health Care

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This study assessed the influence of a developmentally specific CD-ROM intervention on cognitive appraisals, fear, behavioral distress, and pain in pediatric hematologyoncology patients scheduled for intravenous (IV) procedures. Thirty children, 7 to 18 years of age, were randomly assigned either to a standard medical care group or a standard medical care plus CD-ROM intervention group. It was hypothesized that using the CD-ROM would decrease threat appraisals of the IV procedure, causing decreased fear of the IV, less behavioral distress, and less pain during the IV. It was also hypothesized that intervention-enhanced secondary appraisal would be seen in children in the CD-ROM intervention group and that they would cope more effectively with the IV procedure. Self-report and observational ratings were used to assess the following dependent variables: primary and secondary appraisal, fear, behavioral distress, and pain. Results indicated significant effects for the reduction of threat appraisals following CD-ROM intervention (p < .05). Children in the CD-ROM intervention group used cognitive restructuring coping more effectively than did the control group (p < .05). No significant effects were found for fear, behavioral distress, or pain.Children facing hospitalization and illness often undergo invasive and painful medical procedures. Cognitive-behavioral interventions have been found effective in helping these children cope with emotional and behavioral distress with a Correspondence should be sent to Joseph P. Bush, Fielding Graduate University, School of Psychology,

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Childrenʼs understanding of the causality of pain

Cited by 76 publications

References 25 publications

Readiness to change in pediatric chronic pain: Initial validation of adolescent and parent versions of the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire

Readiness to change in pediatric chronic pain: Initial validation of adolescent and parent versions of the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire

Pain in children: Qualitative research of Finnish school‐aged children’s experiences of pain in hospital

Distress in Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Patients Undergoing Intravenous Procedures: Evaluation of a CD-ROM Intervention

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