Children’s meal patterns have changed over a 21-year period: the Bogalusa heart study

Nicklas, Theresa A.; Morales, María José; Linares, Adriana; Yang, Su‐Jau; Baranowski, Tom; Moor, Carl de; Berenson, Gerald S.

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2004.02.030

Cited by 153 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Unhealthy dietary habits, including irregular breakfast eating, have also been reported among Norwegian adolescents (4,5) . In addition to age-and regional-related trends, studies from the 1970s to today have reported a tendency towards a decrease in meal frequency and going from regular meals to skipping main meals among children and adolescents (3,26) . The relationship between meal pattern and overweight has been widely debated; several cross-sectional studies have observed a positive association between meal skipping and the prevalence of overweight (2,25,(27)(28)(29)(30) , while others have not supported these associations (3) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal pattern among Norwegian primary-school children and longitudinal associations between meal skipping and weight status

Stea

Vik

Bere

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To investigate meal pattern longitudinally and explore whether meal skipping was associated with overweight among Norwegian children and adolescents. Design: Longitudinal study. Children's meal frequencies were reported by their parents using a retrospective FFQ. Weight and height were measured by public health nurses. Descriptive data comparing 4th and 7th grade were analysed by paired-sample t tests for continuous variables and x 2 tests for categorical variables. Odds ratio estimates, including confidence intervals, with BMI category (normal/overweight) as the dependent variable, were determined through logistic regression analyses. Results: The number of children eating four main meals per day (regular meal frequency) decreased from 4th grade (47 %) to 7th grade (38 %; P 5 0?001). Those who ate regular meals in 4th grade but not in 7th grade had higher odds (OR 5 3?1; 95 % CI 1?1, 9?0) of being overweight in 7th grade after adjusting for gender, maternal education and physical activity, but the odds ratio was not statistically significant after adjusting for overweight in 4th grade (OR 5 2?8; 95 % CI 0?7, 11?6). Conclusions: The present study showed significant increases in overall meal skipping among children between 4th and 7th grade. The results indicate an association between overweight and meal skipping, but additional prospective and longitudinal analyses and intervention trials are warranted to confirm this relationship.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meal pattern among Norwegian primary-school children and longitudinal associations between meal skipping and weight status

Stea

Vik

Bere

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Well-designed educational campaigns aimed at promoting optimal eating and nutrition practices among vulnerable groups, including school children, are needed. Given the positive impact of some school feeding programs on reducing the number of breakfast skippers [31], food-based intervention may also be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obese and female adolescents skip breakfast more than their non-obese and male peers

Rashidi

Mohammadpour-Ahranjani

Karandish

et al. 2007

Open Medicine

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AbstractWe examined the association between overweight/gender and skipping breakfast among adolescent students in Tehran city using a cross-sectional study and a multistage random sampling method. All educational zones in Tehran city were covered during the educational year of 2000–01. In total, 2321 students aged 11–16 years (1068 male; 1263 female) participated in the study. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) was calculated. Overweight, pre-obesity and obesity were defined as BMI ≥ 85th, 85th to 95th, and ≥ 95th percentile of age-sex-specific BMI reference values, respectively. Self-reported frequency of breakfast consumption was categorized as usual/always, often, and rarely/never (5–7, 2–4 and 0–1 times/wk, respectively). Student’s t and Chi-square tests were employed to analyze the data. Statistical inferences were made at α = 0.05. In boys and girls, the mean ± standard deviation of BMI was 19.8 ± 4.0 and 20.6 ± 4.1 kg/m2, the 18.8% and 23.1% were overweight, and 7.3% and 8.3% were obese, respectively. There was a significant difference in the frequency of breakfast consumption between obese and normal male students (P < 0.001). Differences between pre-obese and normal, and obese and normal female students were also significant (P < 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively). A significant difference was found in the frequency of breakfast consumption between male and female adolescents in all three categories (P < 0.001). These results suggest that obese and female adolescents are more likely to skip breakfast than their normal and male peers and are therefore at higher risk for growth deficits and low educational performance. Preventive/educational programs are urgently needed in this age group.

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“…4 A total of 15 observational studies published between 1994 and 2004 were reviewed, including 2 longitudinal studies, 36,68 2 nationally representative studies, 57,69 and 11 other cross-sectional studies. 42,60,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78] The ADA concluded that the preponderance of evidence suggested that breakfast skipping may be a risk factor for increased adiposity, particularly among older children or adolescents. However, the strength of the evidence is somewhat limited because what constitutes a breakfast has not been defined consistently.…”

Section: Breakfast Skippingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 A total of 10 observational studies published between 1996 and 2004 were reviewed, including 2 longitudinal studies, 36,79 1 nationally representative, cross-sectional study, 57 and 7 other cross-sectional studies. 40,71,74,[80][81][82][83] Study sample sizes ranged from Ͼ60 000 83 to just over 50. 80 A limiting factor in these studies is that "eating out" and "fast food" were not defined or assessed systematically.…”

Section: Breakfast Skippingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for Prevention of Childhood Obesity

Davis¹,

et al. 2007

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The majority of US youth are of healthy weight, but the majority of US adults are overweight or obese. Therefore, a major health challenge for most American children and adolescents is obesity prevention-today, and as they age into adulthood. In this report, we review the most recent evidence regarding many behavioral and practice interventions related to childhood obesity, and we present recommendations to health care providers. Because of the importance, we also suggest approaches that clinicians can use to encourage obesity prevention among children, including specific counseling strategies and practice-based, systems-level interventions. In addition, we suggest how clinicians may interact with and promote local and state policy initiatives designed to prevent obesity in their communities.www.pediatrics.org/cgi

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Children’s meal patterns have changed over a 21-year period: the Bogalusa heart study

Cited by 153 publications

References 47 publications

Meal pattern among Norwegian primary-school children and longitudinal associations between meal skipping and weight status

Meal pattern among Norwegian primary-school children and longitudinal associations between meal skipping and weight status

Obese and female adolescents skip breakfast more than their non-obese and male peers

Recommendations for Prevention of Childhood Obesity

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