Children's Exposure to TV Advertising in 1977 and 2004: Information for the Obesity Debate

Holt, Debra J.; Ippolito, Pauline M.; Desrochers, Debra M.; Kelley, Christopher R.

doi:10.1037/e550992010-001

Cited by 41 publications

(56 citation statements)

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“…According to the Federal Trade Commission, children ages 2-11 see roughly 5,500 food commercials annually, or more than fifteen daily, on television alone. 22 Despite the growing problem of childhood obesity, most food commercials directed at children promote what nutritionists call "low-nutrient, calorie-dense" products, 23,24 or what the lay public terms "junk food." More specifically, the majority of food advertisements viewed by children are for products high in fat, sugar, or sodium.…”

Section: Food Advertising and Childhood Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading

Graff¹,

Kunkel

Mermin³

2012

Health Affairs

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The childhood obesity crisis has prompted repeated calls for government action to curb the marketing of unhealthy food to children. Food and entertainment industry groups have asserted that the First Amendment prohibits such regulation. However, case law establishes that the First Amendment does not protect "inherently misleading" commercial speech. Cognitive research indicates that young children cannot effectively recognize the persuasive intent of advertising or apply the critical evaluation required to comprehend commercial messages. Given this combination-that government can prohibit "inherently misleading" advertising and that children cannot adequately understand commercial messages-advertising to children younger than age twelve should be considered beyond the scope of constitutional protection.

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Section: Food Advertising and Childhood Obesitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading

Graff¹,

Kunkel

Mermin³

2012

Health Affairs

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“…40,41 It is estimated that children view 5500 food advertisements per year, with 95% of those advertising restaurant and fast food, sugared cereals, sugary drinks, and other unhealthy foods. 42 Harris and colleagues 43 found that the average preschool child sees Ͼ1000 advertisements per year for fast food alone. 43 These advertisements work; children's preferences for foods and their requests to parents for those foods increase with exposure to food marketing.…”

Section: Population Effect and Political Difficultymentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Policy and Government in the Obesity Epidemic

Novak

Brownell

2012

Circulation

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“…made exclusively for them), meaning that marketing strategies directed at teenagers and/or adults but also viewed by children, and 'family-oriented' marketing strategies targeting parents and their children, were excluded. According to analyses conducted in the USA and Australia, a significant amount of food advertising to which children are exposed, on TV at least, occurs within general audience programming in which ,50 % of the audience comprises children (13,14) . These child-targeted media definitions were also notably less stringent compared with two jurisdictions with government regulations on marketing to children.…”

Section: Pledge Coveragementioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of the content of food industry pledges on marketing to children

Hawkes

Harris

2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To identify pledges made by the food industry to change food marketing to children worldwide, examine their content and discuss their potential to reduce the harmful effects of food marketing to children. Design: A search for pledges and specific commitments made by participating companies and a content analysis of their scope and criteria used to define the marketing covered or excluded. Setting: Global. Subjects: Food industry pledges. Results: Between 2005 and 2009, the food industry developed thirteen pledges on food marketing to children, involving fifty-two food companies. Two of the pledges were global, two were regional and nine applied to specific countries. Three were specific to the soft drinks industry and to the fast-food industry, with the rest being food industry wide. Ten of the pledges required companies to publish individual commitments; a total of eighty-two such commitments were published, many of which extended beyond the minimum standards set in the pledges. All pledges included definitions of children and child-targeted media, as well as the communication channels and marketing techniques covered, and permitted companies to set criteria for foods that are exempted from any restrictions. There were many similarities between the pledges and individual commitments; however, there were also many differences. Conclusions: The development of pledges on food marketing to children in such a short span of time is impressive. However, limitations and inconsistencies in the pledges and commitments suggest that the food industry has a long way to go if its pledges are to comprehensively reduce the exposure and power of marketing to children.

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Children's Exposure to TV Advertising in 1977 and 2004: Information for the Obesity Debate

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading

Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading

Role of Policy and Government in the Obesity Epidemic

An analysis of the content of food industry pledges on marketing to children

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