Children's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Home: Comparison of Urine Cotinine and Parental Reports

Wong, Glenn; Berman, Barbara A.; Hoang, Tuyen Dinh; Bernaards, Coen A.; Jones, Craig; Bernert, John T.

doi:10.1080/00039890209602092

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…Secondly, rather than measurement of a biomarker such as cotinine, we assessed childhood ETS exposure from questionnaires administered frequently to mothers, where information on smoking in the home was sought. Reassuringly, however, a significant proportion of the variance in early childhood cotinine levels has been shown to be due to maternal smoking, living in a home with other smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked in the home per day[10], [11], [12], [13], [14], influences which were directly assessed in our questionnaire. Furthermore, short parental questionnaires have previously been shown to accurately determine childhood ETS exposure [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Lung Function Is Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Children

et al. 2011

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BackgroundIn older adults, an independent association exists between impaired lung function and cardiovascular disease. This interaction might be related to the effects of aging and/or smoking. In order to explore possible childhood antecedents to this association, we hypothesized that decreased lung function and vascular stiffness might be related, in early life.ObjectiveTo determine the relationship between lung function and carotid augmentation index (AIx), a measure of vascular stiffness, in 8-year old children.MethodsData on brachial blood pressure, lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, obtained by spirometry) and carotid AIx75 (AIx standardised to an arbitrary heart rate of 75 beats per minute, obtained by applanation tonometry) was available in 249 community-based 8-year old children. These healthy children had been subjects in a randomised controlled trial of two interventions (omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and house-dust mite avoidance) to prevent asthma. Smoking in pregnancy and childhood environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was prospectively collected by questionnaire. The association between lung function and carotid AIx75 was assessed in multivariate models that included sex, height, smoking status during pregnancy, ETS exposure and randomisation groups (house dust mite avoidance and dietary intervention) as covariates.ResultsIn the fully adjusted models, Carotid AIx75 was independently associated with FEV1 (standardised β = −0.17,b = −6.72, partial R2 = .02, p = 0.03), FVC (standardised β = −0.29, b = −9.31, partial R2 = 0.04, p<0.001) and FEV1/FVC (standardised β = .13, b = 18.4, partial R2 = 0.02, p = 0.04).ConclusionLower lung volumes are associated with increased vascular stiffness at an early age. The interaction between lung function and vascular stiffness may thus represent more than just age-related alterations in both the pulmonary and vascular systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Lung Function Is Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Children

et al. 2011

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“…A cotinina urinária é um bom indicador, pois varia de acordo com a potência da fonte de exposição, pode ser determinada de forma simples e acurada por um custo acessível, e é detectável em amostras de urina em baixas concentrações 13 . Neste estudo, medimos o nível de cotinina para determinar o nível de exposição passiva ao cigarro em pré-escolares.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…A cotinina urinária é um bom indicador, pois pode ser mensurada de forma simples e acurada e é detectável em amostras de urina em baixas concentrações 13 .…”

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Increased oxidative stress in preschool children exposed to passive smoking

et al. 2011

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Objectives: To study the effect of passive cigarette smoking on plasma oxidative and antioxidative status in passive smoking preschool children and to compare them with controls.Methods: Thirty-four passive smoking (five to 50 cigarettes per day) preschool children (study group) and 32 controls who had never been exposed to cigarette smoke were randomly chosen from children aged from 4 to 6 years. Urinary cotinine and plasma indicators of oxidative and antioxidative status, i.e., total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidative stress index (OSI), were determined.Results: Mean environmental cigarette consumption was 22±13 cigarettes per day in passive smoking children. Mean urinary cotinine levels were 77.6±41.4 ng/mL and 11.9±2.3 ng/mL in the study and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean plasma TAC levels were 0.95±0.13 mmol Trolox equivalent/L and 1.01±0.09 mmol Trolox equivalent/L, respectively (p = 0.039). Mean plasma TOS levels were 28.6±7.9 µmol H 2 O 2 equivalent/L and 18.5±6.3 µmol H 2 O 2 equivalent/L, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean OSI levels were 3.08±0.98 arbitrary units and 1.84±0.64 arbitrary units, respectively (p < 0.001). A small amount of cigarette smoke (five to 10 cigarettes per day) causes considerable oxidative stress. There were significant correlations between number of cigarettes consumed and oxidant status and OSI levels. Conclusions:Passive smoke is a potent oxidant in preschool children. Its deleterious effects are not limited just to heavy passive smoking, but also occur with exposure to small amounts of smoke.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2011;87(6):523-8: Antioxidants, cotinine, oxidants, passive smoking, preschool children. ResumoObjetivos: Estudar o efeito do fumo passivo sobre o estado plasmático oxidativo e antioxidativo em pré-escolares fumantes passivos e compará-los com controles. Métodos:Trinta e quatro pré-escolares fumantes passivos (cinco a 50 cigarros/dia) (grupo de estudo) e 32 controles que nunca estiveram expostos à fumaça de cigarro foram escolhidos aleatoriamente entre crianças de 4 a 6 anos. Foram determinados os níveis de cotinina uriná-ria e de indicadores do estado oxidativo e antioxidativo, isto é, estado oxidante total (EOT), capacidade antioxidante total (CAT) e índice de estresse oxidativo (IEO). Resultados:A média do consumo ambiental de cigarros foi de 22±13 cigarros por dia nas crianças fumantes passivas. Os níveis médios de cotinina urinária foram 77,6±41,4 ng/mL e 11,9±2,3 ng/mL nos grupos de estudo e controle, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Os níveis médios da CAT plasmática foram 0,95±0,13 mmol equivalente de Trolox/L e 1,01±0,09 mmol equivalente de Trolox/L, respectivamente (p = 0,039). Os níveis médios de EOT plasmático foram 28,6±7,9 µmol H 2 O 2 equivalente/L e 18,5±6,3 µmol H 2 O 2 equivalente/L, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Os níveis médios de IEO foram 3,08±0,98 unidade arbitrária e 1,84±0,64 unidade arbitrária, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Uma pequena quantidade de fumaça de cigarro (cinco a 10 cigarros/dia) c...

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“…Siendo que la edad promedio de experimentación con el tabaco en esta población resultó ser de 12 años, los programas de prevención deberían iniciarse durante el segundo ciclo de educación general básica, es decir, antes de la edad de inicio, entre los 9 y 10 años de edad. El micro ambiente donde crece el niño -el contexto social familiar -ejerce fuerte presión en el desarrollo o no de factores protectores que influencian el modo de vida saludable [19][20][21][22] .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Tabaquismo durante la adolescencia temprana: estudio en escolares argentinos

Bolzán¹,

Peleteiro²

2003

J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)

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Children's Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Home: Comparison of Urine Cotinine and Parental Reports

Cited by 24 publications

References 24 publications

Lung Function Is Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Children

Lung Function Is Associated with Arterial Stiffness in Children

Increased oxidative stress in preschool children exposed to passive smoking

Tabaquismo durante la adolescencia temprana: estudio en escolares argentinos

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