Children’s Exposure to Community Violence: Following a Path from Concern to Research to Action

Lorion, Raymond P.; Saltzman, William

doi:10.1080/00332747.1993.11024621

Cited by 160 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Anderson, 1994Anderson, , 1999Durant et al, 1994;Hoffman, 2004). What soon emerged from our discussions with these young offenders was the conclusion that such fatalism emanated from their day to day experiences with and witnessing of violence: These observations on inner-city life echo previous studies of urban violence which have depicted such communities as "war zones," where much of the violence that occurs is public (taking place on the street or in alleys and parks), and where even young children witness aggravated assaults and murders (e.g., Bell and Jenkins, 1993;Garbarino et al, 1992;Hoffman, 2004;Lorion and Saltzman, 1993). For example, based on a large sample of young people drawn from Chicago's inner-city schools, Bell and Jenkins (1993) determined that three out of four had witnessed a robbery or some other type of serious violent crime.…”

Section: Results Of Studysupporting

confidence: 76%

“…These experiences with violence contribute to a pervasive sense of fear and vulnerability in such communities (Lorion and Saltzman, 1993) (Eitle and Turner, 2002;Farrell, 1997; see also Margolin and Gordis, 2000;Scarpa, 2003Scarpa, , 2001). Predictably, our interviewees described their own lives and neighborhoods as plagued by the persistent threat of violence.…”

Section: Results Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To account for the fearless and uninhibited conduct of some offenders, a number of theorists have underscored the sense of hopelessness and fatalism that is said to pervade economically distressed, high-crime communities (Anderson, 1994(Anderson, , 1999Garbarino et al, 1992;Kitwana, 2002;Lorion and Saltzman, 1993;Wilson and Daly, 1997). When young people believe they have no future, it is argued, they have little to lose by engaging in crime or violence.…”

Section: "Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-methods Approach To Anticmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, the prospect of an early death, along with extensive exposure to community violence, may contribute to attitudes that justify crime and violence, including desensitization to the consequences of violence, a hostile world view, and disregard for human life (Garbarino et al, 1992;Kotlowitz, 1991;Lorion andSaltzman, 1993: Topalli, 2005a;West, 1993). As some of our participants described: In short, these young men appear to embody the nihilism described by West (1993;also see Anderson, 1999;Kitwana, 2002;Kubrin, 2006).…”

Section: Shit Who Knows? I Don't Trip Off That That Is Not Somethinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

Brezina

Tekin

Topalli

2008

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A number of researchers point to the anticipation of early death, or a sense of "futurelessness," as a contributing factor to youth crime and violence. Young people who perceive a high probability of early death, it is argued, may have little reason to delay gratification for the promise of future benefits, as the future itself is discounted. Consequently, these young people tend to pursue high-risk behaviors associated with immediate rewards, including crime and violence. Although existing studies lend empirical support to these arguments and show a statistical relationship between anticipated early death and youth crime, this support remains tentative. Moreover, a number of questions remain regarding the interpretation of this relationship, the meanings that offenders attach to the prospect of early death, and the causal mechanisms that link anticipated early death to youth crime. In this paper, we address the limitations of previous studies using a multi-methods approach, involving the analyses of national survey data and in-depth interviews with active street offenders. "MIGHT NOT BE A TOMORROW": A MULTI-METHODS APPROACH TO ANTICIPATED EARLY DEATH AND YOUTH CRIMEPrior criminological research has served to highlight the risks of offending behavior.These risks include a number of long-term negative consequences that may accrue to offenders over the life course, including reduced life chances, poor health, and incarceration (Hagan, 1991(Hagan, , 1997Moffitt, 1993;Robins, 1966; Laub 1993, 1997;Tanner, Davies, and O'Grady, 1999). These risks also include immediate physical dangers-such as injury, paralysis, or death-that exist in the "foreground" of the criminal lifestyle and that may result from crime victim retaliation, attacks by rival offenders, or police action (Dobrin, 2001;Hoffman, 2004;Jacobs, Topalli, and Wright, 2000;McCarthy and Hagan, 2005; Sampson and Lauritsen, 2005;Topalli, Wright, and Fornango, 2002;Tremblay and Paré, 2003).At the same time, criminological research has highlighted the existence of hard-core offenders who appear to be fearless in the face of these dangers (Anderson, 1994(Anderson, , 1999Hoffman, 2004;Jacobs et al., 2000;McCarthy and Hagan, 2005;Topalli, 2005a). This population includes individuals who have experienced stabbings, shootings, or other lifethreatening injuries and yet remain undeterred from a risky and criminal lifestyle (Hoffman, 2004). In the words of one such offender, "I don't give a damn. I don't care what happens really… whether they kill us or we kill them" (Topalli and Wright, 2004: 164).To account for the fearless and uninhibited conduct of some offenders, a number of theorists have underscored the sense of hopelessness and fatalism that is said to pervade economically distressed, high-crime communities (Anderson, 1994(Anderson, , 1999Garbarino et al., 1992;Kitwana, 2002;Lorion and Saltzman, 1993;Wilson and Daly, 1997). When young people believe they have no future, it is argued, they have little to lose by engaging in crime or violence.This argument ...

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Section: Results Of Studysupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Results Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: "Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-methods Approach To Anticmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Shit Who Knows? I Don't Trip Off That That Is Not Somethinmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

Brezina

Tekin

Topalli

2008

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“…Some effects of witnessing community violence have been identified as acting out behavior (Eth & Pynoos, 1985), higher levels of stress (Fitzpatrick & Boldizar, 1993;Lorion & Saltzman, 1990;Osofsky et al, 1993), more depression (Freeman, Mokros & Poznanski, 1993; and belligerence (Green et al, 1991). DuRant and his colleagues (DuRant et al, 1994a;DuRant, Pendergrast & Cadenhead, 1994b) have shown that adolescents' exposure to violence and their own victimization are associated with subsequent use of aggressive and violent behaviors.…”

Section: Community Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Children's Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence

Edleson

1999

J Interpers Violence

666

481

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Social service professionals are more frequently identifying children who witness adult domestic violence as victims of that abuse. This article expands common definitions of how children witness violence, and adult domestic violence in particular. Over 80 research papers were reviewed and a variety of behavioral, emotional, cognitive and physical functioning problems among children were found to be associated with exposure to domestic violence. Factors that appear to mediate the impact of witnessing violence, such as child gender, age, and time since last exposure to violence are identified. Concerns about research methodology are also raised.

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A Number-Needed-to-Treat Analysis of the Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immune Globulin to Prevent Hospitalization

Robbins

Tilford²,

Jacobs³

et al. 1998

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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To estimate how many infants in selected high-risk subgroups would require treatment with respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin (RSV-IG) to avoid 1 hospital admission and to determine whether this is economically justified. Design: Cost-benefit analysis. Data from 3 randomized controlled trials of RSV-IG are used to estimate the number needed to treat to prevent 1 hospital admission for respiratory syncytial virus infection. The threshold number needed to treat is computed according to a formula incorporating costs and benefits of RSV-IG prophylaxis. Estimates of the willingness to pay were obtained from a sample of 39 health care providers (35 physicians and 4 nurses). Main Outcome Measures: The number needed to treat to prevent 1 hospital admission for respiratory syncytial virus infection. The threshold number needed to treat that would balance costs with benefits. Results: More than 16 (95% confidence interval, 12.5-23.8) infants would need to be treated with RSV-IG to Editor's Note: I expect to receive some "interesting" comments from those readers who have contributed to previous studies that reached a different conclusion-using different analyses. That's the cost and benefit of publishing studies like this one.

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Children’s Exposure to Community Violence: Following a Path from Concern to Research to Action

Cited by 160 publications

References 11 publications

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

"Might Not Be a Tomorrow": A Multi-Methods Approach to Anticipated Early Death and Youth Crime

Children's Witnessing of Adult Domestic Violence

A Number-Needed-to-Treat Analysis of the Use of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immune Globulin to Prevent Hospitalization

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