Children's Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children's Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess That Exposure

Hubal, Elaine A. Cohen; Sheldon, Linda; Burke, Janet; McCurdy, Thomas; Berry, Maurice R.; Rigas, Marc L.; Zartarian, Valerie; Freeman, Natalie

doi:10.2307/3454607

Cited by 58 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…While this particular study was not designed to measure time indoors, other studies have shown that children at ages 5–7 years spend 65–68% of their time indoors at home (Hubal et al, 2000), and obese children tend to be physically less active and possess a more sedentary lifestyle with excessive television watching or video game use (Tremblay and Willms, 2003). Also, in an animal study, Shore and colleagues reported that obese mice inhaled the greater dose of O 3 to the lungs than normal-weight mice due to higher breathing frequency (Shore et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, obesity and childhood asthma in an urban cohort

Jung

Perzanowski

Rundle

et al. 2014

Environmental Research

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Background Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from traffic emissions and other combustion sources, and childhood obesity, have been implicated as risk factors for developing asthma. However, the interaction between these two on asthma among young urban children has not been studied previously. Methods Exposure to early childhood PAHs was measured by two week residential indoor monitoring at age 5–6 years in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health birth cohort (n=311). Semivolatile [e.g., methylphenanthrenes] and nonvolatile [e.g., benzo(a)pyrene] PAHs were monitored. Obesity at age 5 was defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the year 2000 age- and sex- specific growth charts (Center for Disease Control). Current asthma and recent wheeze at ages 5 and 7 were determined by validated questionnaires. Data were analyzed using a modified Poisson regression in generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate relative risks (RR), after adjusting for potential covariates. Results Neither PAH concentrations or obesity had a main effect on asthma or recent wheeze. In models stratified by presence/absence of obesity, a significant positive association was observed between an interquartile range (IQR) increase in natural log-transformed 1-methylphenanthrene (RR [95% CI]: 2.62 [1.17–5.88] with IQRln=0.76), and 9-methylphenanthrene (2.92 [1.09–7.82] with IQRln=0.73) concentrations and asthma in obese children (n=63). No association in non-obese (n=248) children was observed at age 5 (Pinteraction < 0.03). Similar associations were observed for 3-methylphenanthrene, 9-methylphenanthrene, and 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene at age 7. Conclusions Obese young children may be more likely to develop asthma in association with greater exposure to PAHs, and methylphenanthrenes in particular, than non-obese children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, obesity and childhood asthma in an urban cohort

Jung

Perzanowski

Rundle

et al. 2014

Environmental Research

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“…Infants and children playing in environments treated with pesticides have been the subject of recent dermal exposure research. 3 The use of organophosphate based sheep-dips has been implicated in the onset of a range of illnesses such as chronic fatigue syndrome. It is believed that a significant proportion of the biological dose received during sheep dipping comes via the dermal route with the primary determinant of exposure being the handling or mixing of sheep dip concentrate rather than the amount of contact with diluted sheep-dip.…”

Section: How Important Is Dermal Exposure?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dermal exposure to chemicals in the workplace: just how important is skin absorption?

Semple

2004

Occup Environ Med

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“…Typically only the non-specific metabolites common to OPs are quantified in urine to provide a measure of exposure to this class of pesticides, but this does not provide levels of exposure to individual pesticides [4]. However, methods are needed to quantify the contribution of each route and pesticide to the levels of non-specific biomarkers in urine and provide estimates of aggregate and cumulative dose, necessary for comparing to toxicological benchmarks like the US EPA Reference Dose [5,6]. Dose estimates for each exposure route and pesticide are essential for performing the aggregate and cumulative risk assessments necessary for setting food tolerance levels under the FQPA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children

Beamer

Canales

Ferguson

et al. 2012

IJERPH

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The Child-Specific Aggregate Cumulative Human Exposure and Dose (CACHED) framework integrates micro-level activity time series with mechanistic exposure equations, environmental concentration distributions, and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic components to estimate exposure for multiple routes and chemicals. CACHED was utilized to quantify cumulative and aggregate exposure and dose estimates for a population of young farmworker children and to evaluate the model for chlorpyrifos and diazinon. Micro-activities of farmworker children collected concurrently with residential measurements of pesticides were used in the CACHED framework to simulate 115,000 exposure scenarios and quantify cumulative and aggregate exposure and dose estimates. Modeled metabolite urine concentrations were not statistically different than concentrations measured in the urine of children, indicating that CACHED can provide realistic biomarker estimates. Analysis of the relative contribution of exposure route and pesticide indicates that in general, chlorpyrifos non-dietary ingestion exposure accounts for the largest dose, confirming the importance of the micro-activity approach. The risk metrics computed from the 115,000 simulations, indicate that greater than 95% of these scenarios might pose a risk to children’s health from aggregate chlorpyrifos exposure. The variability observed in the route and pesticide contributions to urine biomarker levels demonstrate the importance of accounting for aggregate and cumulative exposure in establishing pesticide residue tolerances in food.

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Children's Exposure Assessment: A Review of Factors Influencing Children's Exposure, and the Data Available to Characterize and Assess That Exposure

Cited by 58 publications

References 8 publications

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, obesity and childhood asthma in an urban cohort

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure, obesity and childhood asthma in an urban cohort

Dermal exposure to chemicals in the workplace: just how important is skin absorption?

Relative Pesticide and Exposure Route Contribution to Aggregate and Cumulative Dose in Young Farmworker Children

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