Children's beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations

Abstract

The results show that harsher discipline methods, such as behaviour modification, physical restraint and physical punishment, relate to stronger beliefs about the importance of gender in transgression situations.

Girls' and boys' perception of mothers' intentions of using physical punishment and reasoning as discipline methods

“…Based on the fact that with increasing contact with other members of society and developing cognitive ability, social representations become more consensual and shared with the society's predominant view (Augoustinos, 1991), it may be that older children in Sweden differ in their perceptions compared to younger children. Child gender differences in perceptions of parental discipline vary, from being non-significant in British (Deater-Deckard et al, 2005) and Swedish (Sorbring & Palme´rus, 2004;Sorbring, Ro¨dholm-Funnemark, & Palme´rus, 2003) studies, to being a significant difference that reflects traditional beliefs concerning gender roles (Barnett et al, 1996;Crase, Foss, & Colbert, 1981;Herzberger, Potts, & Dillon, 1981;Siegal & Barclay, 1985). In the studies where a gender difference has been found, reasoning is favoured more by girls and is believed to be more effective with girls.…”

Supportive family contexts: promoting child well-being and resilience

“…Measures of parenting and parent-child relationship quality continue to be predictive throughout the school-age years into adolescence Newland, Giger, et al, 2013;Wyman et al, 1999). Parenting which is developmental and meets the child's needs in a consistent and appropriate manner (through parental affection, responsiveness, encouragement, teaching, engagement, appropriate discipline, and coparenting) will foster children's overall well-being (Cabrera et al, 2004;Fletcher, St. George, & Freeman, 2013;Newland, Chen, Coyl-Shepherd, Liang, et al, 2013;Roggman, Boyce, & Innocenti, 2008;Sorbring & Palmérus 2004). One of the strongest and most consistent predictors of positive parenting and child well-being is FWB.…”

From Surrender Stories to Persistence Stories: Young Girls’ Narratives of Agency and Power in Child–parent Conflicts

“…In families, children exercise agency within and across the asymmetrical and generational child-parent relations. This power asymmetry manifests in child-parent conflicts, where, as Nordic studies have shown, parents may rather powerfully guide young children's behavior (Sevón, 2015) and marginalize the child's influence (Recchia et al, 2010;Sorbring, 2009;cf. Bjerke, 2011).…”

“…Boys, instead, are taught to take an agentic role and be active and independent (Hourigan, 2021;Kimmel, 2011;Koenig, 2018;Kollmayer et al, 2018). Morrow (2006) argued that in this regard family practices are deeply gendered and, according to Morawska (2020; see also Sorbring, 2009), there is also evidence that parents respond differently to daughters and sons.…”

“…However, even if the power dynamics of child-parent relations are more horizontal today than earlier, positionings in childhood and adulthood are interdependent and asymmetrical in many ways (Alanen, 2009(Alanen, , 2012Kuczynski, 2003;Leonard, 2016). This power asymmetry manifests in conflicts in which the hierarchical child-parent relations may constrain young children's agency (Sevón, 2015; see also Recchia et al, 2010;Sorbring, 2009).…”