Children's Access to Local Environments: A case-study of Christchurch, New Zealand

Tranter, Paul; Pawson, Eric

doi:10.1080/13549830120024233

Cited by 173 publications

(148 citation statements)

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“…Japan and Germany) where children have high levels of independent mobility. 26 Individuals who find it most difficult to reduce work hours and switch to more effective transport modes are those who fit into several of the categories described above (e.g. those in households with children, living in new outer suburban areas, with low-income jobs in blue collar industries that are difficult to access without a car).…”

Section: Switching To More 'Effective' Transport Modes: Reducing the mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fear of traffic danger is an important factor in the level of children's independent mobility (freedom to travel without an adult). 26 Cars travelling at higher speeds in urban areas, particularly in residential streets, can also increase fears of stranger danger because there are fewer pedestrians on the streets who can provide passive surveillance and support for children. 27 This is especially important in terms of the lack of adults who know their neighbours' children and can keep an eye out for them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health

Tranter

2010

J Urban Health

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Road safety experts understand the contribution of speed to the severity and frequency of road crashes. Yet, the impact of speed on health is far more subtle and pervasive than simply its effect on road safety. The emphasis in urban areas on increasing the speed and volume of car traffic contributes to ill-health through its impacts on local air pollution, greenhouse gas production, inactivity, obesity and social isolation. In addition to these impacts, a heavy reliance on cars as a supposedly 'fast' mode of transport consumes more time and money than a reliance on supposedly slower modes of transport (walking, cycling and public transport). Lack of time is a major reason why people do not engage in healthy behaviours. Using the concept of 'effective speed', this paper demonstrates that any attempt to 'save time' through increasing the speed of motorists is ultimately futile. Paradoxically, if planners wish to provide urban residents with more time for healthy behaviours (such as exercise and preparing healthy food), then, support for the 'slower' active modes of transport should be encouraged. INTRODUCTIONDecreasing the speed of urban transport can have positive impacts on the economy, the environment and health. This paper outlines the main themes of existing research on these impacts and then explores the possibility that there is a more subtle, but no less important, link between speed and health. The paper argues that speed has a cost that can be measured in money and in time. This can produce a paradox whereby 'faster' modes of transport lead to a loss of time. Lack of time, or time pressure, has been identified as an important factor in urban health, due to its negative impact on mental health but also due to its impact on the ability or willingness of people to engage in physical exercise or to avoid fast (junk) food.The arguments about the health impacts of speed apply most clearly to the use of private motor vehicles, and this paper focuses on the health impacts of increasing the speed of cars. However, some of the arguments are also relevant to other highspeed modes. For example, high-speed trains can encourage urban sprawl, the complex negative health impacts of which are outlined below.Tranter is with the School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, ACT, Australia.Correspondence: Paul Joseph Tranter, PhD, School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, ACT, Australia. (E-mail: paul.tranter@adfa.edu.au) EXISTING UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE LINKS BETWEEN SPEED AND HEALTHSpeed is most commonly seen as a health issue in relation to road crashes. There are several other ways in which the speed of motorised traffic is linked to factors that have clear negative health impacts. Increasing the speed of motorised traffic increases levels of pollution. 1 High car speeds can affect levels of physical activity through reductions in active transport, including children's independent mobility. Local social interactions are disrupted by high...

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Section: Switching To More 'Effective' Transport Modes: Reducing the mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health

Tranter

2010

J Urban Health

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“…Gender (Islam et al, 2014;Prezza and Pacilli, 2007;Rissotto and Giuliani, 2006) and age (Hofferth and Sandberg, 2001) of children were consistently reported as significant determinants of TSO, showing that boys spent more time outdoors than girls, and older children enjoyed longer TSO than younger ones. Parents' income (Brodersen et al, 2005;Ferreira et al, 2007), education (Tranter and Pawson, 2001), parental encouragement and supervision (Cleland et al, 2010), and parental perception of safety (Molnar et al, 2004;Prezza and Pacilli, 2007;Wilson et al, 2004) were also found to be associated with children's TSO. Immediate neighborhood characteristics were also reported to be associated with children's TSO (Giuliani et al, 1997;Moore, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are children living on dead-end streets more active? Near-home street patterns and school-going children's time spent outdoors in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Monsur

Mansur

Islam

2017

Preventive Medicine

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“…Research shows that in many countries, traffic jams connected to the school journey have created serious problems (Sustrans, 2002;Bradshaw, 1999). For instance, driving children to school contributes to air pollution at a greater rate than longer urban trips (Tranter, 2000).…”

Section: Introduction 11 Background and Problem Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influential Factors on Children′s Spatial Knowledge and Mobility in Home–School Travel A Case Study in the City of Tehran

Ahmadi

Taniguchi

2007

Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering

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This paper studies two main issues: 1) the parameters forming children's spatial knowledge and 2) the influential factors on children's mobility in home-school travel and the choice of travel mode. For this purpose the daily home-school itinerary of children living in a high density residential community within Tehran was surveyed. The data were analyzed with relevance to age, gender, travel mode, home-school distance, traffic and social safety. Results confirmed the significance of children's mobility within homeschool travel in their acquisition of spatial knowledge. Those children who walked to school or took the bus on their own, presented better sketch maps compared to those who were driven by car or took the school bus. Age was also found to be a significant factor in the children's mobility within home-school travel and in the drawing of the sketch maps. Unexpectedly, boys did not present a better spatial knowledge than that of girls. This may be attributed to the higher average home-school distance for boys. Finally, the results indicated that traffic danger and social insecurity are indirectly influential on children's spatial knowledge by imposing restrictions on their mobility within home-school travel.

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Children's Access to Local Environments: A case-study of Christchurch, New Zealand

Cited by 173 publications

References 0 publications

Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health

Speed Kills: The Complex Links Between Transport, Lack of Time and Urban Health

Are children living on dead-end streets more active? Near-home street patterns and school-going children's time spent outdoors in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Influential Factors on Children′s Spatial Knowledge and Mobility in Home–School Travel A Case Study in the City of Tehran

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