Children and motorcycles: a systematic review of risk factors and interventions

Brown, Julie; Schonstein, Lisa; Ivers, Rebecca; Keay, Lisa

doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042262

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Helmet use also prevented the occurrence of a severe injury (ISS ≥ 9), in which more than half (58.3%) had a more-severe head injury with an AIS of ≥2. It is common for child motorcycle passengers to not wear a helmet, even in countries with a mandatory helmet use law [21]. Similar to previous studies conducted in both developing and developed countries (20%~ 35%) [15–17], 42.9% of the study sample did not wear a helmet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Effects of helmet nonuse and seating position on patterns and severity of injuries in child motorcycle passengers

2019

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Background A prospective study was conducted to investigate the effects of helmet nonuse and seating position on patterns and severity of motorcycle injuries among child passengers in Taiwan. Methods In total, 305 child passengers aged ≤14 years who visited the emergency departments of three teaching hospitals following a motorcycle crash were recruited. Children’s injury data were collected from medical records, and their riding behaviors along with operators’ demographics were sourced from telephone interviews. Parental responses over the telephone about children’s riding behaviors were checked by roadside observations. Results Results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to child passengers aged ≥7 years, those aged ≤3 (odds ratio (OR), 2.88; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.37~6.06) and 4~6 years (OR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.50~5.70) were significantly more likely to have sustained a head/face injury, while those aged 4~6 years (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.01~7.55) were significantly more likely to have sustained a severe injury. Compared to child passengers who were wearing a full-coverage helmet, those who were not wearing a helmet were significantly more likely to have sustained a head/face injury (OR, 3.12; 95% CI, 1.02~9.52) and a severe injury (OR, 3.02; 95% CI, 1.19~7.62). Children seated in front of the operator were significantly more likely to have experienced a head/face injury (OR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.25~3.94) than those seated behind the operator. For each increment in the riding speed of 1 km/h, the odds of a severe injury to child passengers increased by 5% (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01~1.09). Conclusions For the safety of child motorcycle passengers, laws on a minimum age restriction, helmet use, an adequate seating position, and riding speed need to be enacted and comprehensively enforced.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Effects of helmet nonuse and seating position on patterns and severity of injuries in child motorcycle passengers

2019

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“…This occurred at the point of impact, where the rider impacted the handlebars, foot pegs or other elements, or after the point of impact, where the vehicle had fallen on the rider, causing injuries such as contact burns or crush injuries. Some potential avenues for injury prevention, therefore, could be in improving the frangibility of some vehicle elements upon the point of impact, or redesigning other elements such as hot exhaust systems to be insulated or protected from external points of contact 7,24 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most previous reports in the literature relating to children injured on these vehicles have used large administrative datasets, or focused cases series from hospital records, to report epidemiology and injuries and outcomes for specific types of off‐road vehicles, specific injuries or riding activity 4‐9 . To develop effective countermeasures to reduce risk of crashes and injury, there is a need to understand crash circumstances and mechanisms of injury, and how these differ among users of different off‐road vehicle types, during different types of riding activity and among those using protective gear or not.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paediatric off‐road vehicle injury in rural and regional Australia

Mulligan

Adams

Soundappan

et al. 2021

Australian J Rural Health

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Objective Off‐road riding of quad bikes and motorcycles is common among children across rural and remote Australia, but is a significant source of injury and hospitalisation. An in‐depth analysis of paediatric off‐road vehicle crashes was undertaken to inform injury prevention countermeasures by characterising injury patterns and sources of injury. Design This is a prospective in‐depth case series. Participants Participants are children aged 16 and under who have been hospitalised due to injury sustained from the use of an off‐road motorcycle or quad bike in New South Wales, Australia. Interventions Crash investigation techniques (medical data, structured interview, vehicle and crash site inspection) were used to ascertain details of the crash event, protective gear, injury information and contributory factors. Results Thirty children were recruited, 27 boys and 3 girls, ranging in age from 4 to 16 years, having crashed on off‐road motorcycles (n = 27) or quads (n = 3). Most (73.3%) were participating in unstructured social riding. A total of 67 separate injuries were observed, with overall Injury Severity Scores between 1 and 35. There were high rates of wearing helmets and motorcycle‐specific garments. The most commonly injured areas were the upper and lower extremities. The most common sources of injury were from impacting the ground, obstacles/other riders or the vehicle. Conclusion This study demonstrates the patterns of riding and injury in rural paediatric off‐road vehicle riders, occurring despite high rates of helmet/protective gear use. This underscores the need for investigation into the injury mitigation and fit properties of protective gear and the inherent risks for physically and developmentally maturing children.

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“…Improve road safety conditions such as lighting, and infrastructure [22]. Forbid the transport and exposition of children on motorcycles [23]. Penalize violations and risky behaviors [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Data-Mining Techniques for the Prediction of the Severity of Road Crashes in Cartagena, Colombia

Ospina-Mateus

Quintana

López‐Valdés

et al. 2019

Communications in Computer and Information Science

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Objective: Analyze the road crashes in Cartagena (Colombia) and the factors associated with the collision and severity. The aim is to establish a set of rules for defining countermeasures to improve road safety. Methods: Data mining and machine learning techniques were used in 7894 traffic accidents from 2016 to 2017. The severity was determined between low (84%) and high (16%). Five classification algorithms to predict the accident severity were applied with WEKA Software (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis). Including Decision Tree (DT-J48), Rule Induction (PART), Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Naïve Bayes (NB), and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP). The effectiveness of each algorithm was implemented using cross-validation with 10-fold. Decision rules were defined from the results of the different methods. Results: The methods applied are consistent and similar in the overall results of precision, accuracy, recall, and area under the ROC curve. Conclusions: 12 decision rules were defined based on the methods applied. The rules defined show motorcyclists, cyclists, including pedestrians, as the most vulnerable road users. Men and women motorcyclists between 20-39 years are prone in accidents with high severity. When a motorcycle or cyclist is not involved in the accident, the probable severity is low.

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Children and motorcycles: a systematic review of risk factors and interventions

Abstract: This first attempt at extensively reviewing literature related to risk factors and interventions for children and motorcycles using the Haddon Matrix as a framework clearly highlights need for more rigorous study as information is lacking in all cells of this matrix.

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Effects of helmet nonuse and seating position on patterns and severity of injuries in child motorcycle passengers

Effects of helmet nonuse and seating position on patterns and severity of injuries in child motorcycle passengers

Paediatric off‐road vehicle injury in rural and regional Australia

Using Data-Mining Techniques for the Prediction of the Severity of Road Crashes in Cartagena, Colombia

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