Childhood parental bereavement: the risk of vulnerability to delinquency and factors that compromise resilience

Abstract

Background: In previous research, it has been established that a child who has experienced the death of a parent is vulnerable to a variety of concerns, including grief, distress and dysphoria, particularly in the first year following the death. In addition, one in five parentally-bereaved children is likely to develop a psychiatric disorder. As Kemshall argues, the growing body of evidence linking delinquency in adolescents to previous traumatic life experiences, such as parental loss, with a large number of children affected every year makes this is a very important area for research. This paper considers the effects of parental bereavement in childhood, and is part of a wider study exploring the future for children who experience a parent's death. We found that parentally-bereaved children are significantly more vulnerable to delinquent behaviour than those who have not experienced parental bereavement. Thus there is a need for awareness of the variables that form protectors to the vulnerability to delinquency formed, in part by the experience of a parent's death. Methods: We used secondary data from the National Child Development study from which children who had been parentally bereaved by the age of 16 were identified. The Rutter Behaviour Scale highlighted which of those children also displayed delinquent behaviours; the Pearson Chi Square was used to establish significant links between these two factors. Potential moderating factors of social class background, gender of child, gender of dead parent and age of child at the time of bereavement were also examined. Results: The findings present as a set of risk variables that increase a child's susceptibility to delinquent behaviour, with specific reference to children who have been parentally bereaved. Children who were parentally bereaved before the age of 16 were significantly more likely to display delinquent behaviour than those who were not, as indicated by scoring 9 or above, the cut off point on the Rutter Behaviour Scale (p 5 .001). These scores of 9þ at 16 are significantly more likely (p 5 .001) for children who were bereaved between the ages of 12 and 16 years. For all children (including children not parentally bereaved), boys were significantly more likely than girls to score 9þ on the Rutter Behaviour Scale at 16 (p 5 .001). However, gender was not a significant factor in parentally-bereaved children, indicating parentally-bereaved girls are more likely to display similar levels of delinquent behaviour to non-parentally-bereaved boys. Children from manual backgrounds are significantly more likely than those from non-manual backgrounds to be parentally bereaved (p 5 .001).

Loss Due to Death and its Association with Mental Disorders in Juvenile Detainees

“…Our findings are consistent with research suggesting a link between delinquency and high-risk loss (Crimmins et al, 2000;Draper & Hancock, 2011;Juby & Farrington, 2001;Pitt-Aikens & McKinnon, 2000) and trauma (Kerig, Becker, & Egan, 2010). Risk for gang involvement may be particularly great for youth who have experienced a high-risk loss, as our findings show that up to one-quarter of participants who experienced a loss subsequently joined a gang.…”

Examining longer-term effects of parental death in adolescents and young adults: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health

“…Past studies have found parentally bereaved adolescents at greater risk for a wide array of adjustment problems compared to their non-bereaved counterparts. They have been found to have a greater risk of premature death (Li, Verergaard, Cnattingius, Gissler, Hammer Bech, Obel, & Olsen, 2014), suicide attempts (Jakobsen & Christiansen, 2011), to experience depression (Jacobs & Bovasso, 2009;Yagla Mack, 2001), to have more severe and greater numbers of other psychiatric difficulties, (Dowdney, 2000), to have lower grades and more school failures (Berg, Rostila, Saarela & Hjern, 2014), lower self-esteem (Worden & Silverman, 1996), greater involvement in youth delinquency, (Draper & Hancock, 2011), more drug abuse (von Sydow, Lieb, Pfister, Höfler, & Wittchen, 2002) and more violent crime involvements (Wilcox, Satoko, Kuramoto, Lichtenstein, Långström, Brent, & Runeson, 2010).…”

The Moderating Role of Autonomy Support Profiles in the Association Between Grit and Externalizing Problem Behavior Among Family-Bereaved Adolescents

“…From an empirical research perspective, prior research has demonstrated that bereaved youths report higher levels of aggressive and delinquent behavior compared with those who have not experienced family bereavement (Kranzler et al, 1990;Draper and Hancock, 2011). Despite such findings, little research has been devoted to addressing the protective factors against externalizing problem behavior of family-bereaved adolescents in China.…”