Childhood‐onset schizophrenia: An overview

Gonthier, Misty; Lyon, Mark A.

doi:10.1002/pits.20013

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…For instance, males show much higher incidence of schizophrenia and developmental disorders (Fombonne, 2005; Gonthier and Lyon, 2004). Females, however, are more susceptible to neurodegenerative disorders and mood disorders (Barnes et al, 2005; Hebert et al, 2013; Piccinelli and Wilkinson, 2000; Zhao et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo magnetic resonance images reveal neuroanatomical sex differences through the application of voxel-based morphometry in C57BL/6 mice

et al. 2017

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Behaviorally relevant sex differences are often associated with structural differences in the brain and many diseases are sexually dimorphic in prevalence and progression. Characterizing sex differences is imperative to gaining a complete understanding of behavior and disease which will, in turn, allow for a balanced approach to scientific research and the development of therapies. In this study, we generated novel tissue probability maps (TPMs) based on 30 male and 30 female in vivo C57BL/6 mouse brain magnetic resonance images and used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to analyze sex differences. Females displayed larger anterior hippocampus, basolateral amygdala, and lateral cerebellar cortex volumes, while males exhibited larger cerebral cortex, medial amygdala, and medial cerebellar cortex volumes. Atlas-based morphometry (ABM) revealed a statistically significant sex difference in cortical volume and no difference in whole cerebellar volume. This validated our VBM findings that showed a larger cerebral cortex in male mice and a pattern of dimorphism in the cerebellum where the lateral portion was larger in females and the medial portion was larger in males. These results are consonant with previous ex vivo studies examining sex differences, but also suggest further regions of interest.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo magnetic resonance images reveal neuroanatomical sex differences through the application of voxel-based morphometry in C57BL/6 mice

et al. 2017

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“…The prevalence of schizophrenia in children and adolescents is rather low, with estimates of VEOS varying between 1 in 10.000 [21], 1 in 30.000 in children before age 13 [13], and 1.4 in 10.000 before age 15 [26]. Among patients with schizophrenia, a Finnish study found that 4.7% had onset at or before age 18 [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies on outcome of EOS have been restricted to small samples and/or short follow-up periods. The results are inconclusive across studies with some showing a prognosis resembling that of AOS but most reporting poorer prognosis [21,23,34,38,41]; only a few studies do not concur with this trend [42-44]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various predictors of outcome have been studied with no clear picture emerging due to a lack of replication studies. However, there is evidence that the diagnosis of VEOS predicts lower educational achievement, less independence both economically and emotionally, lower rates of employment, poor social relationships, and a continuing need of psychiatric care [21]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia

2012

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BackgroundThe current review analyzes the long-term outcome and prognosis of early onset schizophrenia based on previously published studies in 1980.MethodsA systematic search of articles published in the English-language literature after 1980 identified a total of 21 studies, which included 716 patients who were either suffering from early onset schizophrenia (EOS) or both EOS and other psychotic disorders (MIX). The authors of the current review scored the outcome as either “good,” “moderate,” or “poor.” The mean age of onset in these studies was <18 years.ResultsIn general, the outcome in studies with EOS is worse than the outcome in MIX studies. Only 15.4% of the patients in EOS studies versus 19.6% of the patients in MIX studies experienced a “good” outcome. In contrast, 24.5% of the patients in EOS studies versus 33.6% in MIX studies experienced a “moderate” outcome, and 60.1% in EOS studies versus 46.8% in MIX studies experienced a “poor” outcome. The authors identified various significant effects on outcome. In EOS, the findings were significantly affected by sample attrition, indicating that in studies with a high dropout rate, fewer patients experienced a “moderate” outcome, and more patients experienced a “poor” outcome; however, the effect sizes were small. Furthermore, the effects were also small and more favourable for specific functioning measures, as opposed to more global measures, small to moderate in terms of worse outcomes for follow-up periods >10 years, small to moderate for more unfavourable outcomes in males, and small to large for worse outcomes in studies including patients diagnosed before 1970.ConclusionsIn contrast to the adult manifestation, the early manifestation of schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence still carries a particularly poor prognosis. According to these aggregated data analyses, longer follow-up periods, male sex, and patients having been diagnosed before 1970 contribute predominantly to the rather poor course of EOS.

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“…Prevalence rates for the disorder are low, with estimates at 1 in 10,000 (Dulmus & Smyth, 2000). Although there is currently no evidence-based treatment for COS, treatment strategies for this disorder generally consist of an array of interventions including pharmacological therapy, cognitive restructuring, educational interventions, environmental manipulations, and family therapy (McClellan et al, 2001;Gonthier & Lyon, 2004).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Modularized Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Water Phobia in an Adolescent with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

Nakamura

Schiffman

Lam

et al. 2006

Child & Family Behavior Therapy

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ABSTRACT. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of a modularized treatment of a specific fear of water for a 14-year-old youth with childhood onset schizophrenia using a multiple-baseline across behaviors design. Treatment included gradual exposure to a hierarchy of feared waterrelated situations with rewards for successful approximations ranging from looking at water to swimming in a pool. Both parent and youth fear ratBrad J. Nakamura, MA

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Childhood‐onset schizophrenia: An overview

Cited by 20 publications

References 16 publications

In vivo magnetic resonance images reveal neuroanatomical sex differences through the application of voxel-based morphometry in C57BL/6 mice

In vivo magnetic resonance images reveal neuroanatomical sex differences through the application of voxel-based morphometry in C57BL/6 mice

A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia

A Modularized Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Water Phobia in an Adolescent with Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia

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