Childhood Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Working Toward Solutions

McPhee, Patrick G.; Singh, Selena; Morrison, Katherine M.

doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.06.020

Cited by 42 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Early obesity onset is associated with the early development of metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, which, leading to atherosclerosis and vascular changes, contribute to an increased risk of premature death in adulthood [43,44]. Importantly, the earlier a metabolic alteration is developed, the worse the outcome [44][45][46][47][48][49], and pediatric onset of adulthood obesity has been shown to have higher morbidity and mortality rates compared to adult-onset obesity [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Ability of the Estimate of Fat Mass to Detect Early-Onset Metabolic Syndrome in Prepubertal Children with Obesity

et al. 2021

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Body mass index (BMI), usually used as a body fatness marker, does not accurately discriminate between amounts of lean and fat mass, crucial factors in determining metabolic syndrome (MS) risk. We assessed the predictive ability of the estimate of FM (eFM) calculated using the following formula: FM = weight − exp(0.3073 × height2 − 10.0155 ×d-growth-standards/standards/body-mass-index-for-age-bmi-for-age weight− 1 + 0.004571 × weight − 0.9180 × ln(age) + 0.6488 × age0.5 + 0.04723×male + 2.8055) (exp = exponential function, score 1 if child was of black (BA), south Asian (SA), other Asian (AO), or other (other) ethnic origin and score 0 if not, ln = natural logarithmic transformation, male = 1, female = 0), to detect MS in 185 prepubertal obese children compared to other adiposity parameters. The eFM, BMI, waist circumference (WC), body shape index (ABSI), tri-ponderal mass index, and conicity index (C-Index) were calculated. Patients were classified as having MS if they met ≥ 3/5 of the following criteria: WC ≥ 95th percentile; triglycerides ≥ 95th percentile; HDL-cholesterol ≤ 5th percentile; blood pressure ≥ 95th percentile; fasting blood glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL; and/or HOMA-IR ≥ 97.5th percentile. MS occurred in 18.9% of obese subjects (p < 0.001), with a higher prevalence in females vs. males (p = 0.005). The eFM was correlated with BMI, WC, ABSI, and Con-I (p < 0.001). Higher eFM values were present in the MS vs. non-MS group (p < 0.001); the eFM was higher in patients with hypertension and insulin resistance (p < 0.01). The eFM shows a good predictive ability for MS. Additional to BMI, the identification of new parameters determinable with simple anthropometric measures and with a good ability for the early detection of MS, such as the eFM, may be useful in clinical practice, particularly when instrumentation to estimate the body composition is not available.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictive Ability of the Estimate of Fat Mass to Detect Early-Onset Metabolic Syndrome in Prepubertal Children with Obesity

et al. 2021

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“…Overweight or obesity during childhood increases the likelihood of developing metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors, such as elevated blood pressure and lipid levels, as well as musculoskeletal pain, liver complications, 4 and psychological comorbidities such as depression, anxiety, and other emotional and behavioral disorders 5 . In the long term, childhood obesity increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, Type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and musculoskeletal disorders into adulthood 6,7 . Given the health risks posed by excess weight in childhood and adolescence, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified childhood overweight as a priority area for action to catalyze global change 8…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

E‐&mHealth interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and/or obesity among children: A scoping review of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses

et al. 2021

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Summary Childhood obesity is a public health concern. Electronic and mobile health (e‐&mHealth) approaches can facilitate the delivery of interventions for obesity prevention and treatment. Synthesizing reviews of e‐&mHealth interventions to improve weight and weight‐related behaviors (physical activity, sedentary behavior, and diet) is useful to characterize the current scope of the literature and identify opportunities for future reviews and studies. Using a scoping review methodology, we aimed to evaluate the breadth and methodological quality of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses of e‐&mHealth interventions targeting weight and weight‐related behaviors in children and adolescents aged <19 years. A systematic search of seven databases was conducted, including reviews published between 2000 and 2019. Review characteristics were extracted, and methodological quality was assessed using the AMSTAR 2 tool. Forty‐five systematic reviews and meta‐analyses were included. All reviews evaluated intervention efficacy (100%), but few assessed other aspects (20% in total) such as cost‐effectiveness. Smartphone applications (47%), text messages (44%), and websites (35%) were the main modalities. Weight (60%), physical activity (51%), and diet (44%) were frequently assessed, unlike sedentary behavior (8%). Most reviews were rated as having critically low or low methodological quality (97%). Reviews that identify the effective active ingredients of interventions and explore metrics beyond efficacy are recommended.

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“…21 Dr McPhee et al review the mechanisms that contribute to cardiovascular risk in childhood obesity as well as the evidence-based interventions that affect this important group of children. 22 Ms Lazerte and Dr Hegele provide a comprehensive summary of dyslipidemias beyond familial hypercholesterolemia. 23 Dr Khoury et al provide readers with a practical framework for risk stratification and an approach to management.…”

Section: A Cjc Theme Issue Focused On Heart Disease Prevention In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“The Child Is the Father of the Man”—Pediatric Preventive Cardiology

Harris

McCrindle

2020

Canadian Journal of Cardiology

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Childhood Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Working Toward Solutions

Cited by 42 publications

References 76 publications

Predictive Ability of the Estimate of Fat Mass to Detect Early-Onset Metabolic Syndrome in Prepubertal Children with Obesity

Predictive Ability of the Estimate of Fat Mass to Detect Early-Onset Metabolic Syndrome in Prepubertal Children with Obesity

E‐&mHealth interventions targeting nutrition, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and/or obesity among children: A scoping review of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses

“The Child Is the Father of the Man”—Pediatric Preventive Cardiology

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