Childhood medulloblastoma: current and future treatment strategies

Retracted: Potential Role of Long Non‐Coding RNA ANRIL in Pediatric Medulloblastoma Through Promotion on Proliferation and Migration by Targeting miR‐323

“…Medulloblastoma (MB), a common primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS), is frequently diagnosed in pediatric patients and accounts for approximately 10% of all childhood brain tumors [Caracciolo and Giordano, ; Millard and Braganca, ]. When MB occupies the cerebellar vermis, fills the fourth ventricle and thereby leads to hydrocephalus secondary to obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow, the patients with MB suffer from cerebellar dysfunction and increased intracranial pressure [Brasme et al, ; Hennika and Gururangan, ; Coluccia et al, ]. As a consequence, patients present headaches, vomiting, nausea, and ataxia [Nakahara et al, ].…”

Clinical, Histological, and Molecular Prognostic Factors in Childhood Medulloblastoma: Where Do We Stand?

“…Using the above factors as prognostic parameters, patients are categorized into two discrete subtypes: standard and high risk. Age < 3 years old, residual tumor > 1.5 cm 2 , and large-cell/anaplastic histology are considered high-risk features, whereas patients not fulfilling the above criteria are considered standard risk [9,12,23].…”

“…Since 1990, when the estimated event-free survival (EFS) of MBs was 20-50% [7], and with the application of newer therapeutic techniques, the median overall survival of all subtypes is estimated to be 70% [8][9][10]. The tumor presents a significant biological heterogeneity, as it has been observed that about 30% of patients will be diagnosed with metastatic disease at presentation, and patients who survive may be diagnosed with subsequent malignancies during their life or develop treatment-related neurocognitive, endocrinological, or development disorders, highlighting the need for risk stratification of patients with MB.…”

Paediatric desmoplastic medulloblastoma – Surgical treatment, adjuvant therapy, outcome survival (case series study)

“…The widespread nodularity in infantile desmoplastic medulloblastoma and the medulloblastoma with extensive nodularity (MBeN), is associated with a good prognosis (12,13), while the extensive nuclear pleomorphism is characteristic of aggressive anaplastic medulloblastoma (14,15). The WHO classified medulloblastoma into 5 subtypes: i) classic (66%), ii) desmoplastic/nodular (D/N) (12%), iii) MBeN (3%), iv) large cell (2-4%) and v) anaplastic (15%) (4,16,17,18). The 2016 WHO tumor classification classified medulloblastoma into: the Wingless (WNT), sonic Hedgehog (sHH), group 3, and group 4 (19).…”