“…In studies with adult samples that rely on retrospective self-reports of maltreatment, a childhood history of emotional maltreatment is associated with low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, trauma symptoms, and the perpetration of or victimization from interpersonal violence (Berzenski & Yates, in press; Briere & Runtz, 1990; Crawford & Wright, 2007; Gibb, Chelminski, & Zimmerman, 2007; Dodge Reyome, in press; Dodge Reyome, Ward, & Witkiewitz, in press; Higgins & McCabe, 2000; Lewis et al, 2006; Mullen, Martin, Anderson, Romans, & Herbison, 1996; Riggs & Kaminski, this issue; Sachs-Ericsson, Verona, Joiner, & Preacher, 2006; Spertus, Yehuda, Wong, Halligan, & Seremetis, 2003; Zurbriggen, Gobin, & Freyd, in press). In many of these retrospective studies, emotional maltreatment serves as a reliable predictor of outcomes over and above the effects of physical and/or sexual abuse (Crawford & Wright, 2007; Higgins & McCabe, 2000; Sachs-Ericsson et al, 2006; Spertus et al, 2003).…”