Abstract:ABSTRACT. Objective: The Danish Longitudinal Study on Alcoholism was designed to identify antecedent predictors of adult male alcoholism. The infl uence of premorbid behaviors consistent with childhood conduct disorder (CD) and attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the development of alcohol misuse was examined. Method: Subjects were selected from a Danish birth cohort (9,125), which included 223 sons of alcoholic fathers (high risk) and 106 matched sons of nonalcoholic fathers (low risk). These … Show more
“…The retrospective Childhood Deviance Scale refl ects the adult subjects' self-ratings of 12 behaviors enacted during development to age 18, and contains internalizing and externalizing behavioral traits associated with hyperactivity, restlessness, aggression, shyness, withdrawal, and depression. The Childhood Deviance Scale correlated signifi cantly with comparable items collected 10 or 20 years earlier, such as the Childhood Conduct Disorder Scale (r = .56, p < .0001) and the School Teacher Questionnaire Behavioral Summary Score (r = .37, p < .0001) (Knop et al, 2009). The Psychosocial Interview also collected extensive data about the quantity and frequency of the consumption of beer, wine, and distilled spirits in the recent past and included the 32-item Alcoholism Severity Scale used in other studies by our group (Penick et al, 1987;Powell et al, 1992) to evaluate the major symptoms of alcoholic drinking both in the past year and over the subject's lifetime.…”
ABSTRACT. Objective: In a search for viable endophenotypes of alcoholism, this longitudinal study attempted to identify premorbid predictors of alcohol dependence that also predicted the course of alcoholism. Method: The 202 male subjects who completed a 40-year follow-up were originally selected from a Danish birth cohort (N = 9,182). Two thirds of the subjects were high-risk biological sons of treated alcoholics. A large number of measures (361) were obtained at different periods before any subject had developed an alcohol-use disorder. At age 40, a psychiatrist provided mutually exclusive lifetime diagnoses of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence that were characterized as currently active or currently in remission according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, course specifi ers. Results: The majority of subjects with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse were in remission at age 40 compared with those with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence (88% vs. 58%). Treatment did not predict remission. Fourteen of the 18 predictors of remission that also predicted dependence were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis (varimax). Two premorbid dimensions were identifi ed: cognitive effi ciency and early behavioral dyscontrol in childhood. Both factors predicted the failure to remit (low cognitive effi ciency and high behavioral dyscontrol) even when lifetime alcoholism severity was controlled. Conclusions: This 4-decade study found a striking disconnect between measures that predicted alcohol dependence and measures that predicted remission from alcohol dependence. I N THE LAST 60 YEARS, prospective longitudinal studies have attempted to identify the premorbid antecedents of the alcohol-use disorders, especially alcohol dependence, by examining subjects before drinking problems began and following them into adulthood (Goodwin et al., 1994;Hill et al., 2000;Knop et al., 2003;Trim et al., 2010;Vaillant, 1995Vaillant, , 2003Zucker, 2006). The number of premorbid research domains that have been investigated is quite large and range from genetic, family history, and developmental domains through personality, social, and behavioral domains, to cultural and social context domains. These longitudinal studies have produced lists of replicated risk factors that are thought to function as premorbid predictors or markers of alcoholism. Among the best established of these premorbid risk factors are family history of alcoholism; male gender; behavioral deviance of all sorts in early childhood, especially that associated with impulsivity; unstable family environment; lower social class; high "innate" tolerance to the effects of alcohol; early age at onset of problem drinking; and peer pressure.It is frequently assumed that risk factors known to increase the probability of developing an alcohol-use disorder are the same as those that interfere with or impede the recovery from alcoholic drinking. Despite the seemingly reasonable assumption that premorbid risk factors also predict the course of alc...
“…The retrospective Childhood Deviance Scale refl ects the adult subjects' self-ratings of 12 behaviors enacted during development to age 18, and contains internalizing and externalizing behavioral traits associated with hyperactivity, restlessness, aggression, shyness, withdrawal, and depression. The Childhood Deviance Scale correlated signifi cantly with comparable items collected 10 or 20 years earlier, such as the Childhood Conduct Disorder Scale (r = .56, p < .0001) and the School Teacher Questionnaire Behavioral Summary Score (r = .37, p < .0001) (Knop et al, 2009). The Psychosocial Interview also collected extensive data about the quantity and frequency of the consumption of beer, wine, and distilled spirits in the recent past and included the 32-item Alcoholism Severity Scale used in other studies by our group (Penick et al, 1987;Powell et al, 1992) to evaluate the major symptoms of alcoholic drinking both in the past year and over the subject's lifetime.…”
ABSTRACT. Objective: In a search for viable endophenotypes of alcoholism, this longitudinal study attempted to identify premorbid predictors of alcohol dependence that also predicted the course of alcoholism. Method: The 202 male subjects who completed a 40-year follow-up were originally selected from a Danish birth cohort (N = 9,182). Two thirds of the subjects were high-risk biological sons of treated alcoholics. A large number of measures (361) were obtained at different periods before any subject had developed an alcohol-use disorder. At age 40, a psychiatrist provided mutually exclusive lifetime diagnoses of alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence that were characterized as currently active or currently in remission according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, Revised, course specifi ers. Results: The majority of subjects with a diagnosis of alcohol abuse were in remission at age 40 compared with those with a diagnosis of alcohol dependence (88% vs. 58%). Treatment did not predict remission. Fourteen of the 18 predictors of remission that also predicted dependence were submitted to an exploratory factor analysis (varimax). Two premorbid dimensions were identifi ed: cognitive effi ciency and early behavioral dyscontrol in childhood. Both factors predicted the failure to remit (low cognitive effi ciency and high behavioral dyscontrol) even when lifetime alcoholism severity was controlled. Conclusions: This 4-decade study found a striking disconnect between measures that predicted alcohol dependence and measures that predicted remission from alcohol dependence. I N THE LAST 60 YEARS, prospective longitudinal studies have attempted to identify the premorbid antecedents of the alcohol-use disorders, especially alcohol dependence, by examining subjects before drinking problems began and following them into adulthood (Goodwin et al., 1994;Hill et al., 2000;Knop et al., 2003;Trim et al., 2010;Vaillant, 1995Vaillant, , 2003Zucker, 2006). The number of premorbid research domains that have been investigated is quite large and range from genetic, family history, and developmental domains through personality, social, and behavioral domains, to cultural and social context domains. These longitudinal studies have produced lists of replicated risk factors that are thought to function as premorbid predictors or markers of alcoholism. Among the best established of these premorbid risk factors are family history of alcoholism; male gender; behavioral deviance of all sorts in early childhood, especially that associated with impulsivity; unstable family environment; lower social class; high "innate" tolerance to the effects of alcohol; early age at onset of problem drinking; and peer pressure.It is frequently assumed that risk factors known to increase the probability of developing an alcohol-use disorder are the same as those that interfere with or impede the recovery from alcoholic drinking. Despite the seemingly reasonable assumption that premorbid risk factors also predict the course of alc...
“…Previous literature has found that CMB is a good predictor of later alcohol dependence with shared environmental causes (e.g., Knop et al, 2009). CMB may evoke recurrent inept harsh CPP, in a coercive process that drives CMB forward and may contribute to precocious drinking and other alcohol outcomes (Fergusson et al, 2008).…”
“…In particular, conduct disorder (CD) and adolescent attention-defi cit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often correlated with later alcohol use disorders, especially alcohol dependence (AD) (Arias et al, 2008;Friedrichs et al, 2010;Knop et al, 2009;Langley et al, 2010;Weiss et al, 1985;Whalen et al, 2002;White et al, 2001). Each of these disorders is characterized to some extent by externalizing behavior, raising the possibility that a general liability to such behavior contributes to the association among phenotypes.…”
ABSTRACT. Objective: Adolescent problem behaviors such as conduct disorder and attention-defi cit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often associated with alcohol problems in adulthood, particularly alcohol dependence. This association is partly a result of shared genetic liability. However, it is unclear whether ADHD, or an ADHD subtype, shares genetic infl uences with alcohol dependence beyond those also shared by conduct disorder. Method: We evaluated phenotypic associations between adolescent conduct disorder and ADHD phenotypes with adult alcohol dependence in a population-based sample of adult male twins (N = 1,774). We then assessed genetic and environmental relationships among phenotypes using structural equation modeling. Results: Individually, conduct disorder and each ADHD factor were associated with adult alcohol dependence. Results from twin modeling indicate that a genetic factor common to conduct disorder and ADHD also loads strongly onto alcohol dependence. Even after controlling for genetic factors shared with conduct disorder and other ADHD factors, the hyperactivity component of ADHD shared signifi cant residual genetic infl uences with alcohol dependence. Conclusions: Most of the genetically mediated association between adolescent ADHD and adult alcohol dependence is shared with conduct disorder, refl ecting a generalized risk to externalizing behaviors. The signifi cant residual genetic covariance between the ADHD factor hyperactivity/impulsivity and alcohol dependence implies that impulsive behaviors less destructive/harmful than those manifested by conduct disorder can be indicative of genetic risk for adult alcohol dependence. However, the ADHD factors inattention and forgetfulness are not uniquely predictive of genetic/environmental risk for alcohol dependence. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 73, 185-194, 2012)
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