Childcare, Eldercare, and Labor Force Participation of Married Women in Urban China, 1982-2000

Maurer‐Fazio, Margaret; Connelly, Rachel; Chen, Lan; Tang, Lixin

doi:10.1353/jhr.2011.0011

Cited by 124 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This fl exibility wanted to work, and allowed fi rms to choose who to hire and fi re. This fl exibility also gave rise to the possibility of unemployment (Meng 2000;, and Zhao also gave rise to the possibility of unemployment (Meng 2000;Cai, Park, and Zhao 2009;Maurer-Fazio, Connelly, Chen, andTan 2010). 2009;Maurer-Fazio, Connelly, Chen, and Tan 2010).…”

Section: Urban Labor Market Reform Employment and Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This change in employment among older workers probably resulted from workers who lost jobs employment among older workers probably resulted from workers who lost jobs because of economic restructuring and then became discouraged and left the labor because of economic restructuring and then became discouraged and left the labor force (Appleton, Knight, Song, and Xia 2002;Giles, Park, and Cai 2006;Maurerforce (Appleton, Knight, Song, and Xia 2002;Giles, Park, and Cai 2006;MaurerFazio, Connelly, Chen, and Tang 2010). Fazio, Connelly, Chen, and Tang 2010).…”

Section: Urban Labor Market Reform Employment and Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the reduction in female employment is related to an increase in houseSome of the reduction in female employment is related to an increase in household income and housing availability, both of which have reduced co-residing with hold income and housing availability, both of which have reduced co-residing with parents, which, in turn, has increased women's responsibilities for their nuclear parents, which, in turn, has increased women's responsibilities for their nuclear families and hence reduced their labor supply (Maurer-Fazio, Connelly, Chen, and families and hence reduced their labor supply (Maurer-Fazio, Connelly, Chen, and Tang 2010). Women now also have more discretion to choose whether to work, Tang 2010).…”

Section: Urban Labor Market Reform Employment and Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Labor Market Outcomes and Reforms in China

Meng

2012

Journal of Economic Perspectives

382

231

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Over the past few decades of economic reform, China's labor markets have been transformed to an increasingly market-driven system. China has two segregated economies: the rural and urban. Understanding the shifting nature of this divide is probably the key to understanding the most important labor market reform issues of the last decades and the decades ahead. From 1949, the Chinese economy allowed virtually no labor mobility between the rural and urban sectors. Rural-urban segregation was enforced by a household registration system called “hukou.” Individuals born in rural areas receive “agriculture hukou” while those born in cities are designated as “nonagricultural hukou.” In the countryside, employment and income were linked to the commune-based production system. Collectively owned communes provided very basic coverage for health, education, and pensions. In cities, state-assigned life-time employment, centrally determined wages, and a cradle-to-grave social welfare system were implemented. In the late 1970s, China's economic reforms began, but the timing and pattern of the changes were quite different across rural and urban labor markets. This paper focuses on employment and wages in the urban labor markets, the interaction between the urban and rural labor markets through migration, and future labor market challenges. Despite the remarkable changes that have occurred, inherited institutional impediments still play an important role in the allocation of labor; the hukou system remains in place, and 72 percent of China's population is still identified as rural hukou holders. China must continue to ease its restrictions on rural–urban migration, and must adopt policies to close the widening rural–urban gap in education, or it risks suffering both a shortage of workers in the growing urban areas and a deepening urban–rural economic divide.

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Section: Urban Labor Market Reform Employment and Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban Labor Market Reform Employment and Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urban Labor Market Reform Employment and Unemploymentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Labor Market Outcomes and Reforms in China

Meng

2012

Journal of Economic Perspectives

382

231

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“…Post-reform, state and employer support for care provision in the form of subsidized childcare or paid maternity leave has declined (Zhan, 2002). In rural areas, the closure of collective farms has forced women to engage with informal or precarious forms of employment (Maurer-Fazio et al, 2011), or else migrate to urban areas and export zones, leaving behind elderly parents and young children (Zhou et al, 2014). The erosion of social services and the privatization of care services have coincided with a re-emergence of traditional patriarchal values and norms involving notions of filial piety within a patrilineal family system.…”

Section: Contextual Changes and Their Implications For Care Policies mentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Agendas, Local Norms: Mobilizing around Unpaid Care and Domestic Work in Asia

Rao¹

2018

Development and Change

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This article explores the articulation and framing of unpaid care work and the mobilization around it at two spatial scales, the global and national. For the latter it focuses on three of the largest and most diverse countries in Asia — India, China and Indonesia. While the concept of unpaid care work has received considerable attention in international development discourse, it is rarely found in feminist mobilization and advocacy across these countries. The article asks why this issue remains largely excluded from women's political agendas. It also explores how it is framed when it is included. While most organizations recognize women's double burden and the importance of domestic labour, they do not consider ‘unpaid care work’ as a legitimate political issue around which to mobilize. Rather, it is framed, if at all, as part of other political agendas, such as the rights of the elderly (in China), the rights to social protection, especially childcare and maternity entitlements (in India), or the right to equal opportunities within marriage (in Indonesia). The study analyses the differences in framing, the conceptualization of gender equality embedded therein, and the implications for policy.

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“…There is an extensive and mixed literature on tradeoffs between caring for seniors and female labor force participation, some finding evidence of a tradeoff, and others finding that caring for an aging parent does not reduce the amount of time women spend in the labor force, since co-residing parents can provide care for young children, freeing up time for formal work (Johnson and Lo Sasso 2006;Latif 2006;Maurer-Fazio et al 2011;Sasaki 2002;Wakabayashi and Donato 2005;Wolf and Soldo 1994). Qualitative research in Egypt has suggested that with rising levels of female employment, there is increasing tension between women's labor force participation and their ability to care for aging in-laws (Sinunu, Yount, and El Afify 2008).…”

Section: Women's Labor and Leisurementioning

confidence: 99%